No, there are not more Earth-sized planets around red dwarfs than around sun-like stars.
Red dwarfs are the most common stars, making up about 75-80% of all stars. They are the smallest stars, weighing between 7.5% and 50% the mass of the sun. They burn at a lower temperature, reaching only 6,380 degrees Fahrenheit (3,500 degrees Celsius).
According to NASA, astronomers at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics estimate that six percent of red dwarf stars have an Earth-sized planet in the “habitable zone”.
A recent study using the Kepler telescope estimated that 22% of Sun-like stars contain Earth-sized planets orbiting their stars in their habitable zone. This results in an estimate of about 20 billion Earth-like planets in our galaxy.
There’s no definitive answer to how many Earth-like planets exist in the universe. However, estimates suggest that there are upwards of 1020 Earth-like planets in the universe.
According to the Kepler mission, there are between 1 and 50 billion Earth-like planets in the Milky Way alone. One 2020 study estimated that the Milky Way could have as many as six billion Earth-like planets. Another study estimated that there are about 300 million potentially habitable planets in our galaxy.
There are 2 trillion galaxies in the observable universe, and each galaxy has 100 billion stars. If one in five stars has an Earth-like planet, that means there could be as many as 40 billion Earth-sized planets.
Scientists have discovered 55 planets that could be Earth-like. However, Earth-like planets are not as common as other types of planets because many conditions need to be met for them to exist.
Scientists use several methods to find Earth-like planets:
- Transit method: When a planet crosses in front of its star, the star’s light dims slightly. This method is limited to planets whose transit is visible from Earth.
- Astrometry: Astronomers measure a star’s position on the sky to calculate the planet’s mass and orbit.
- Microlensing: This method is more sensitive to planets further from stars.
The Kepler mission has confirmed over 2,000 planets. The Kepler-22b planet is about 2x the radius of Earth and has a year that is 290 (Earth) days.
Other methods include:
- The K2 Kepler reboot
- The WFIRST space telescope
- The Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
An Earth-like planet is a planet that is similar to Earth in composition and environmental conditions. Earth-like planets are typically:
- Rocky on the surface
- Between 0.5 and 1.5 times the size of Earth
- Located in the “habitable zone”
- Composed of the same materials as Earth, such as silicate rocks, water, and carbon
The term “Earth-like planet” can also refer to:
- Earth analog: A planet or moon with environmental conditions similar to those found on Earth
- Habitable exoplanet: A planet that can support liquid water and thus hypothetically life
Mass is a key factor in identifying Earth-like worlds. Some research suggests that objects just 1.6 times the size of Earth are more likely to be gaseous, making them less similar to our planet.
According to Kepler data, there’s a 95% chance of finding an Earth-like planet within 20 light-years.
The search for Earth-like planets is a fundamental aspect of astronomy and planetary science. The Kepler mission has confirmed over 4,296 discoveries in 3,188 systems, and an additional 5,634 candidates are awaiting confirmation.
However, the possibility of finding a planet similar to Earth that can sustain life is more complicated. Even though we have discovered molecules that are necessary for life, we still don’t know for sure what other conditions are needed for life to arise.
It clearly shows that there are not more Earth-sized planets around red dwarfs (M dwarfs) than around Sun-like (FGK) stars. The shaded grey region denotes the regime where there are no detections of Earth-sized planets around F type stars.
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Universe discoveries 