Carl Sagan led a group of scientists that found evidence of life on Earth using data from the NASA Galileo spacecraft. Sagan’s best-known scientific contribution is his research on the possibility of extraterrestrial life. He experimentally demonstrated that radiation can produce amino acids from basic chemicals. 

Sagan’s research is helping us search for alien species today. He also: 

• Demonstrated that radiation can produce amino acids from basic chemicals 
• Researched the possibility of extraterrestrial life 

Extraterrestrial life is life that does not originate from Earth. It can range from simple forms such as prokaryotes to intelligent beings. The science of extraterrestrial life is known as astrobiolog

The near infra-red mapping spectrometer (NIMS) instrument detected gaseous water distributed throughout the terrestrial atmosphere, ice at the poles and large expanses of liquid water “of oceanic dimensions”. It also recorded temperatures ranging from -30°C to +18°C

Carl Sagan was a leading consultant to NASA. He helped with space missions to Venus, Mars, and Jupiter. His research helped to solve the mysteries of: 

• The high temperature of Venus 
• The seasonal changes on Mars 
• The reddish haze of Titan 

Sagan’s most significant discovery was that the temperature of Venus is influenced by the greenhouse effect. He proposed that the high concentration of carbon dioxide in Venus’ atmosphere created a runaway greenhouse effect, leading to extremely high temperatures at the surface. Sagan calculated that the dense carbon dioxide atmosphere of Venus sustains an extreme greenhouse effect, which keeps the surface hot enough to melt lead and to emit the observed microwaves. 

Sagan also worked on understanding the atmospheres of Venus and Jupiter and seasonal changes on Mars. 

Sagan was the first scientist to suggest that Venus didn’t have a tropical climate similar to Earth’s. He also predicted that there could be life on Venus. Sagan co-authored a paper that proposed that microbial life might be found on Venus. 

Sagan’s other discoveries about Venus include: 

• The high temperature of Venus is influenced by the greenhouse effect 
• The high concentration of carbon dioxide in Venus’ atmosphere created a runaway greenhouse effect 
• The dense carbon dioxide atmosphere of Venus sustains an extreme greenhouse effect 
• The surface of Venus is hot enough to melt lead and emit microwaves 

The Pioneer Venus spacecraft verified Sagan’s explanation many years later.

There are several theories about life on Venus: 

• Microbes Some studies suggest that microbes could exist in Venus’s atmosphere. The microbes could remain dormant part of the time to survive the harsh conditions. 
• Past habitability Scientists speculate that if liquid water existed on Venus’s surface before the runaway greenhouse effect heated the planet, microbial life may have formed. 
• Life in the clouds Astronomers believe that if there is life in Venus’s clouds, it would be an aerial form, existing only in Venus’s temperate cloud deck. 
• Updrafts and gravity waves Seager et al. (2020) suggested that updrafts and/or gravity waves on Venus may be sufficient to return desiccated life in the haze layer to conditions where they can thrive. 

However, the possibility of life as we know it forming on the surface of present-day Venus is incredibly low. The average surface temperature is above 400°C, which means the surface can’t possibly have liquid water. This heat would also destroy most organic molecules.

Carl Sagan was fascinated by the cosmos from a young age. He was inspired by the mystery of life’s origin and distribution. He was also concerned about the increasing carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere and its potential to cause global warming. 

Sagan was a researcher, educator, communicator, advocate, and activist. He wanted to inspire a love of science. He explained complex ideas about the world, the universe, and the cosmos in a simple way. He brought science to the masses. He was involved in producing the series Cosmos based on his best selling science book. He spread his passion for astronomy to more than 400 million viewers

Carl Sagan was a leading planetary astronomer, exobiologist, and popular educator.  He was also a leading consultant to NASA.  He was probably the best-known scientist in the United States in the 1970s and ’80s.  He was known for: 

• Pioneering the field of exobiology 
• Being among the first to determine that life could have existed on Mars 
• Popularizing astronomy to the public 
• Writing over 600 scientific papers and several books about astronomy and natural sciences 
• Serving as writer and presenter of the television series Cosmos: A Personal Voyage 
• Helping solve the mysteries of the high temperature of Venus, the seasonal changes on Mars, and the reddish haze of Titan 

Sagan was also known for his famous quote, “We are made of starstuff

Here are some other interesting facts about Carl Sagan: 

• Sagan was a professor at Harvard University and Cornell University. He was also the director of the Laboratory for Planetary Studies at Cornell. 
• Sagan’s 1960 Ph.D. thesis was about the atmosphere of Venus. He theorized that the planet’s high surface temperatures were caused by the greenhouse effect of carbon dioxide and water vapor in the atmosphere. 
• Sagan won many awards, including the Pulitzer Prize for The Dragons of Eden in 1978. He also received the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s Distinguished Public Service Medal in 1977 and 1981. 
• Sagan was a public spokesperson for astronomy on programs like The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson. 
• Sagan was known for his boyish good looks, sonorous voice, and ability to explain scientific concepts in ways that lay people and students could understand. 
• Sagan stressed the need to find human solutions to human problems. He believed that the universe is fundamentally a benign place, congenial to life and even intelligent life

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