Physicists in Japan have created a crystal that can bend light like a black hole. The phenomenon is called pseudogravity. 

The scientists distorted a photonic crystal by deforming the spacing between its elements. This altered the way the crystal interacted with light, producing a curved beam. The light bowed away from its usual straight path. 

The breakthrough could have useful applications in optics systems and the development of 6G communications. 

Photonic crystals are made by periodically arranging two or more different materials with varying abilities to interact with and slow down light. They are made by: 

• Periodically arranging two or more different materials 
• Varying abilities to interact with and slow down light 
• Regular, repeating pattern

Light bends near black holes because of the extreme gravitational field generated by the black hole. Einstein’s theory of general relativity states that gravity is the result of the curvature of spacetime caused by massive objects. 

Light travels in a straight line through straight spacetime.  When light gets closer to the black hole where spacetime is bent, it will follow those bends. Light rays that pass close to the black hole get caught and cannot escape. The region around the black hole is a dark disk. Light rays that pass a little further away don’t get caught but do get bent by the black hole’s gravity. 

The effect of light being bent by massive objects such as black holes is called gravitational lensing. 

Light can’t escape a black hole because the gravitational field is so strong that nothing can escape. The event horizon is a region of space where the gravitational field is so strong that nothing, not even light, can escape. 

Within the event horizon, space is curved to the point where all paths that light might take to exit the event horizon point back inside the event horizon. The escape velocity from within a black hole’s event horizon is faster than the speed of light. Since nothing can travel faster than the speed of light, nothing escapes the event horizon of a black hole. 

Black holes are dark, dense regions in space. They are invisible to our eyes. 

Once a photon passes the event horizon of a black hole, it can’t escape. The photon is rapidly sucked towards the singularity at the center of the black hole. The singularity is an infinitely small space that contains a huge mass. 

There’s no evidence that the photon is destroyed. Instead, it’s lost forever. 

The immense gravity of the black hole stretches the light ray to the point of nothingness. The light ray never reaches its destination.

Photons have no rest mass, but they do have relativistic mass at the speed of light. Gravity attracts relativistic mass, so photons respond to gravity. 

Photons are massless and travel at the speed of light. They don’t experience the passage of time. They also have to follow geodesics, which is why gravity bends light. 

Light is affected by black holes because of the theory of general relativity, which states that any massive object warps the spacetime around it. The spacetime around a black hole is warped, and light takes the shortest path, which is a little curved. 

If a photon is traveling directly towards a black hole, it can reach a point where it is inside what is known as the photon sphere. Its path is bent so much that it can go into orbit around the black hole. 

Light is made up of photons, which are tiny packets of energy. Photons have no mass, but they do have energy and momentum. 

Light is not matter because photons don’t occupy any volume. They have a dual nature, exhibiting both particle-like and wave-like properties. 

Photons have no rest mass because they cannot be at rest. They travel at the speed of light, so they have no rest mass. 

Light has momentum because of its dual nature. When light is considered as a wave, its momentum is associated with the wavelength and frequency of the wave. The momentum of a wave is given by the equation: 

Momentum = Planck’s constant (h) / wavelength (λ)

Photonic crystals

Photonic crystals are optical nanostructures that can control light. They are highly ordered materials with a periodically modulated dielectric constant. The refractive index of a photonic crystal changes periodically, which affects the propagation of light. 

Photonic crystals occur in nature in the form of: 

• Structural coloration, like the natural microstructures that give opal its iridescent color 
• Animal reflectors, like the wings of certain butterflies 

Photonic crystals have applications in: 

• Fiber-optic communications 
• Fiber lasers 
• Nonlinear devices 
• High-power transmission 
• Highly sensitive gas sensors 

Photonic crystals are the optical analogy to a crystal lattice. In a crystal lattice, atoms or molecules are periodically arranged and the periodic potential introduces gaps into the energy band structure of the crystal. 

A new crystal can bend light like a black hole would, causing the light to bow away from its usual straight path. This phenomenon, called pseudogravity, could be used in 6G communication technology, according to the authors of the new study, published Sept. 28 in the journal Physical Review

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