A new map of subsurface water on Mars shows regions where ice may be buried beneath the surface.  The map reveals that the southernmost edge of the northern mid-latitudes region is an ideal landing spot for future missions.  This region is close enough to the buried ice, but not too far from the equator so that astronauts can enjoy slightly warmer weather.  The mid-latitudes region is also characterized by a thicker atmosphere that makes it easier for spacecraft to slow down during their descent to the Martian surface. 

Other potential landing sites on Mars include: 

• Mawrth Vallis: An ancient water outflow channel that is rich in clays 
• Oxia Planum: A clay-rich region that has been selected as the landing site for ESA’s Rosalind Franklin rover 
• Jezero crater: Displays a rich variety of hydrated minerals 

NASA’s Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity landed on Meridiani Planum in 2004. NASA’s 2020 Perseverance rover is currently exploring Jezero crater.

The real sweet spot for astronauts to land on Mars would be at the southernmost edge of the northern mid-latitudes region, where it’s close enough to the buried ice but also not too far from the equator so that astronauts can enjoy slightly warmer weather.

Mars has four known sources of water: 

• Atmosphere: A small amount of water vapor 
• Polar caps: Ice-rich layers 
• Subsurface: Water buried underground 
• Minerals: Hydrated minerals that formed in water 

The northern polar ice cap contains the only visible water on Mars. The southern pole has a frozen carbon-dioxide cap that covers its water. 

Scientists have found evidence of liquid water beneath the ice cap at the southern pole. This may mean that Mars is still geothermally active. 

Yes, Mars has two permanent polar ice caps.  The ice caps are similar to Earth’s, but the ice on Mars is thinner and more seasonally variable.  During the winter, the poles are in continuous darkness, which chills the surface and causes the atmosphere to deposit 25–30% of itself into slabs of CO2 ice (dry ice). When the poles are exposed to sunlight again, the frozen CO2 sublimes. 

Mars has approximately 5 million cubic kilometers (1.2 million cubic miles) of ice at or near the planet’s surface. Most of the ice is in the planet’s northern and southern regions. The combined volume of the water ice caps is roughly equivalent to the Greenland Ice Sheet. 

The ice on Mars is dusty and could melt. Small amounts of dust are usually present within the ice

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