On October 29, 2023, NASA launched a rocket from the White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico. The rocket’s target is the Cygnus Loop, a massive cloud of dust and gas that was created after a star exploded about 20,000 years ago. The Cygnus Loop is still expanding and is located about 2,600 light-years from Earth in the constellation Cygnus. 

The rocket’s mission is to gather light’s wavelengths as the supernova’s energy crashes into cold pockets of gas in outer space. The rocket is conducting the Integral Field Ultraviolet Spectroscopic Experiment, or INFUSE. 

The star matter ejected during the explosion is still fanning out at 930,000 miles (1.5 million kilometers) every hour. In 2012, it spanned three times the size of a full moon and is now thought to be 120 light-years across

The star went boom about 20,000 years ago. There’s no better way to understand the life cycle of stars than watching it unfold. This weekend, a NASA rocket will study a dramatic stellar event about 2,600 light-years from Earth in the constellation Cygnus

A neutron star is a dense ball of neutrons that remains after a supernova has destroyed the rest of the star. They are typically about 20km across, and contain more mass than the Sun. 

The Crab Nebula is an example of a supernova remnant and neutron star. The Crab Nebula is a remnant of a supernova observed in 1054 A.D.. Chandra’s image of the Crab Nebula reveals rings and jets of high-energy particles that appear to have been flung outward over great distances from the neutron star. 

Other well-known supernova remnants include: 

• Tycho, the remnant of SN 1572 
• Kepler, the remnant of SN 1604 
• G1, the youngest known remnant in the Milky Way

Yes, black holes are a remnant of a supernova.  A black hole is a superdense remnant of a Type II supernova. The star is so massive that its neutrons can’t resist the force of gravity, and it collapses into a black hole. Black holes are so dense that light cannot pass from their gravity. 

Black holes form when a very massive star (at least 25 times heavier than our Sun) runs out of nuclear fuel and explodes as a supernova. The explosion blows much of the stellar material away, leaving a black hole that’s usually only a few times heavier than our Sun. 

Black holes can also form when a neutron star accretes so much material from a nearby companion star that it gets pushed over the neutron star mass limit and collapses to become a black hole. 

Supernovas are massive explosions that occur when a massive star runs out of nuclear fuel.  The explosion blasts part of the star into space. Supernovas are brief events that are over in a matter of hours. They are fairly rare, with only one or two supernova events per century in the Milky Way galaxy. 

Black holes are a large amount of mass squished into a relatively small volume of space. They generally don’t do anything, they sit there and absorb things that fall in. 

Supernovas and black holes are similar in their methods of formation. However, they are very different things.

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