NASA’s X-ray telescopes have revealed the “bones” of a hand-shaped structure in space. The telescopes are the Chandra X-ray Observatory and the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE). The structure is located 16,000 light-years from Earth. 

The telescopes’ imaging powers combined to reveal the magnetic field “bones” of the structure. The structure is the remnants of a star’s cataclysmic collapse that gave birth to a nebula with a striking skeletal hand shape. The telescopes revealed the behavior of a dead collapsed star that lives on through plumes of particles of energized matter and antimatter. 

The results of the new telescope’s operations were published in The Astrophysical Journal.

Celestial Bones Exposed by X-RaysIn a departure from the haunting visage on Jupiter, our next eerie revelation takes the form of celestial “bones” exposed by X-rays. These “bones” are, in fact, the intricate remnants of a star’s cataclysmic collapse that gave birth to a nebula with a striking skeletal hand shape.

The Chandra X-ray Observatory has an angular resolution of 0.5 arcseconds.  This is over 1000 times better than the first orbiting X-ray telescope.  The Chandra X-ray telescope has the smoothest astronomical mirror ever made. The angular resolution is limited by tiny distortions of the mirror surface. 

The Chandra X-ray telescope has four concentric mirror shells with an average width of approximately 1.5 cm. The diffraction limit is 10-2 arc seconds at 0.6nm (2keV). The theoretical diffraction limit at 1 keV for Chandra is about 2.5 × 10−4 second of arc. 

The Chandra X-ray telescope has a spatial resolution of ∼0.5″. This matches the spatial resolution of ground-based optical telescopes for the first time. It’s also an order of magnitude better than any other existing or planned X-ray observatory.

X-ray telescopes can have high angular resolution. For example, an x-ray telescope with a Fresnel zone plate and refractive lens could have better angular resolution than any single telescope at any wavelength. 

However, the spatial resolution of X-ray telescopes is generally much worse than for an optical telescope of similar collecting area. This is because the practical difficulty in bringing X-rays to focus. 

The highest angular resolutions for telescopes can be achieved by arrays of telescopes called astronomical interferometers. These instruments can achieve angular resolutions of 0.001 arcsecond at optical wavelengths, and much higher resolutions at x-ray wavelengths

X-ray telescopes have the following characteristics: 

• Design X-ray telescopes are different from optical telescopes because X-rays only reflect off mirrors at grazing angles. The mirrors are made of a material that reflects X-ray photons. The telescope is oriented so that the mirror surfaces are nearly parallel to the incoming light. 
• Focusing Two reflections are used to focus the X-rays to a point. 
• Area The area of an X-ray telescope can be increased by nesting the mirrors inside one another. 
• Mounting X-ray telescopes must be mounted on high altitude rockets, balloons, or artificial satellites to get above the Earth’s atmosphere. The atmosphere is opaque to X-rays. 
• Design The most commonly used design by X-ray astronomers is the Type I. The Type I design offers the possibility of nesting several telescopes inside one another, thereby increasing the useful reflecting area. 
• Mirror configuration The simplest X-ray telescope mirror configuration is a paraboloid of revolution. In this configuration, X-rays along the axis of the paraboloid can be brought to a focus by scattering at near-grazing incidence from the surface of the reflector.

X-ray telescopes have made many discoveries, including: 

• Black holes The Chandra X-ray Observatory discovered a Type 2 quasar black hole that was previously hidden by a thick sheet of material. Scientists also announced a possible new kind of black hole in the galaxy M82. 
• Stars and galaxies The Chandra X-ray Observatory and XMM-Newton X-ray satellite have made discoveries about the evolution of stars and galaxies. 
• Supernova remnants The Einstein X-ray telescope revealed the structure of nearby galaxies and supernova remnants. 
• Galaxy clusters X-ray and radio observations of galaxy clusters solved a mystery about the hot gas between galaxies. 

Other discoveries include: 

• The ubiquity of X-ray emission from all classes of objects 
• The X-ray afterglow of gamma-ray bursts 
• A long-term mystery about the hot gas between galaxies in clusters

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