Galileo Galilei made several discoveries using his telescope that changed the way we look at the universe: 

• Moon’s craters Galileo made one of the first telescopic astronomical observations in history by moving his telescope’s aim from the Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua to the Moon. 
• Jupiter’s moons On January 7, 1610, Galileo used a refracting telescope of his own design to discover three of Jupiter’s four largest moons. 
• Milky Way Galileo saw that the Milky Way was “a congeries of innumberable stars”. 
• Telescope shows more stars Galileo found that the telescope showed many more stars than are visible with the naked eye. 

Galileo’s discoveries undermined the idea that everything in the heavens revolved around the Earth. He interpreted the results to support Copernicus’s heliocentric concept of the Solar System. He published a book, Sidereus Nuncius (The Starry Messenger), in which he described his discoveries. He also published another book, Dialogue on the Two Chief World Systems, Ptolemaic and Copernican, which argued both sides of the scientific (and religious) debate but fell squarely on the side of Copernicus’ heliocentrism.

Using one of his early telescopes to peer at the nearby spires of the Basilica of Saint Anthony of Padua, Galileo slowly moved his telescope’s aim over to a nearby object, the Moon. In doing so, he made one of the first telescopic astronomical observations in history.

Galileo is known as the “father of modern astronomy” and the “father of modern physics”. He is also known for: 

• Pioneering the experimental scientific method 
• Inventing the refracting telescope 
• Discovering the four largest moons of Jupiter, now known as the Galilean moons 
• Discovering that the Earth revolved around the sun, not the other way around 
• Discovering that the moon had geographic features 
• Discovering that Saturn had rings 

Galileo’s discoveries undermined traditional ideas about a perfect and unchanging cosmos with the Earth at its center. His discoveries sparked the birth of modern astronomy.

Galileo discovered other things using his telescope, including: 

• Spots on the Sun 
• Phases of Venus 
• Hills and valleys on the Moon 
• The first pendulum clock 

Galileo’s discovery of the phases of Venus was surprising because Venus has a dynamic interplay of light and shadow, similar to the Moon. Galileo also discovered that the Milky Way is not atmospheric, but the combined light from millions of stars

Galileo Galilei was an Italian physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher.  He was interested in mathematics and astronomy.  He first became interested in astronomy at age 31 while trying to explain the cause of tides. At the time, astronomy was considered part of mathematics. 

Galileo’s other interests included: 

• Physics Galileo became interested in physics while studying medicine at the University of Pisa in 1581. 
• Strength of materials Galileo made fundamental contributions to the science of strength of materials. 
• Mechanics Galileo’s most important contribution to mechanics was the Principle of Galilean Relativity. 
• Scientific method Galileo made fundamental contributions to the development of the scientific method.

Galileo Galilei’s work influenced scientists for decades, including: 

• Isaac Newton Newton was born a year after Galileo’s death. Newton’s mechanical physics was based on Galileo’s works. Newton’s three laws of motion, plus his own “law of gravity”, provided an explanation for Kepler’s elliptical orbits. 
• Albert Einstein 
• Einstein called Galileo the “father of modern science”.

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