
Gravitational waves are waves of the intensity of gravity that are generated by the accelerated masses of binary stars and other motions of gravitating masses. They propagate as waves outward from their source at the speed of light
Astronomers attempted to detect gravitational waves from supernova 1987A in 2022 using the Advanced LIGO system and the VIRGO gravitational wave observatory. The search covered frequencies of 75 to 275 Hz. The attempt was unsuccessful.
Supernova 1987A was a type II supernova in the Large Magellanic Cloud, a dwarf satellite galaxy of the Milky Way. It occurred approximately 51.4 kiloparsecs from Earth and was the closest observed supernova since Kepler’s Supernova.
Yes, supernovae can cause gravitational waves. Supernovae are cataclysmic events that produce high-frequency bursts of gravitational waves. The waves are generated when the mass of a star is ejected in an asymmetrical way during a supernova explosion. The more chaotic the collapse, the greater the energy of the gravitational radiation emitted.
Other events that can cause gravitational waves include:
- Colliding black holes
- Colliding neutron stars
- Rotating neutron stars
- Early universe processes, such as inflation or a phase transition
- When two big stars orbit each other
- Neutron stars or black holes orbiting around each other at ever increasing rates
The strongest sources of gravitational waves are:
- Black holes
- Supernovae
- Colliding neutron stars
- Inspiraling binary neutron stars
- μ Scorpii
Other sources of gravitational waves include:
- Rotating neutron stars
- Binary stars
- Vibrating stars
The magnitude of the gravitational wave effect is inversely proportional to the distance from the source. For example, two orbiting black holes that are about to merge into one will produce strong gravitational waves.
Gravitational waves are disturbances in the curvature of space-time that travel at the speed of light. Any accelerated mass emits gravitational waves, but they are very weak.
Gravitational waves are incredibly weakand have no significant effect on daily life. However, when you are very near the source, the gravitational waves emitted can be devastating. For example, the gravitational waves emitted by an inspiraling pair of black holes can be more than enough to rip anything apart.
Gravitational waves are larger than their sources, with wavelengths starting at a few kilometers and ranging up to the size of the universe. A strong gravitational wave will produce displacements on the order of 10-18 meters, which is 1000 times smaller than the diameter of a proton.
The strength of gravitational waves that hit Earth would equate to about 70 octillion (7 × 1028) joules of energy, which is as much energy as the Sun produces every three minutes.
Supernova 1987A was unusual in several ways, including:
- First naked eye supernova: It was the first supernova that was easily visible with the naked eye since Kepler’s supernova in 1604.
- Nearest supernova: It was the nearest supernova detected in nearly 400 years.
- First supernova in the Milky Way: It was the first observable supernova in the Milky Way since the invention of the telescope.
- Known progenitor star: It was the only supernova for which the precursor star was known.
- Neutrinos detected: Only 25 neutrinos were detected during the event, but it was a significant increase from the previously observed background level. This was the first time neutrinos known to be emitted from a supernova had been observed directly.
- Power of 100 million suns: It blazed with the power of 100 million suns for several months following its discovery on Feb. 23, 1987.
- Ejected radioactive iron: It ejected 20,000 Earth masses of radioactive iron
Supernova 1987A is important to astronomers for several reasons, including:
- Proximity: It was the nearest supernova detected in nearly 400 years.
- Detailed observation: It was the first supernova to be easily visible with the naked eye since Kepler’s supernova in 1604.
- Neutrino detection: It provided the first direct confirmation that neutrinos are emitted from a supernova.
- Insights into stellar evolution: It provided 30 years’ worth of observations that provide insight into the last stages of stellar evolution.
- Radioactive source: It provided the first opportunity to confirm by direct observation the radioactive source of the energy for visible light emissions.
- Element formation: It explains the process of formation of elements beyond iron.
- New stars, galaxies, and humans: Exploding stars create elements, such as carbon and iron, that make up new stars, galaxies, and even humans
Astronomers haven’t detected any gravitational waves from supernovae yet. However, gravitational waves have been detected from the mergers of black holes and neutron stars.
Supernova 1987A was the first supernova from which neutrinos were detected. Current detectors are not sensitive enough to detect signals beyond this distance. The next generation of detectors is expected to be sensitive to supernovas around the distance of Andromeda
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