A soft landing on an asteroid would have a probe slowly descend to the asteroid’s surface, landing on it with little to no impact. To make a safe landing, the horizontal speed during landing needs to be strictly controlled below 2.5m/s

Researchers from the Harbin Institute of Technology in China recently released a paper detailing a framework for performing “soft landings” on asteroids. The paper analyzes the landing environment of the asteroid, designs the ALISE landing mechanism to suit the landing environment, and uses finite element analysis (FEA) to estimate the strength and modal frequency of the landing mechanism. 

Other factors that can make asteroid landings safer include: 

• Gravity tractor: The Asteroid Redirect Mission vehicle uses the mass of the spacecraft to impart a force on the asteroid, slowly altering the asteroid’s trajectory. 
• Inhomogenous gravity: This is one of the most prevalent problems. 
• Position-attitude coupling guidance and control: This can make it difficult and costly for the spacecraft to approach the asteroid surface and release the lander.

In the paper, the researchers propose an alternative that utilizes a series of advances in artificial intelligence to accurately model the gravitational field based on data collected from various asteroid exploration missions and uses it to model probable gravitational fields on a new target asteroid,

The Asteroid Redirect Mission (ARM) was a NASA proposal in 2013 to develop a robotic spacecraft to visit a large near-Earth asteroid and collect a multi-ton boulder from its surface. The boulder would then be redirected into orbit around the moon, where astronauts would have explored it and returned to Earth with samples. The mission was later canceled

NASA’s Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) mission was the first-ever space mission to demonstrate asteroid deflection by kinetic impactor.  The mission took place at an asteroid that posed no threat to our planet.  The vending machine-size DART spacecraft launched on a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket out of Vandenberg Space Force Base in California.  It slammed into the asteroid Dimorphos at 14,000 mph (22,500 kph).  The impact successfully altered the smaller asteroid’s orbit. 

The DART mission was designed to test a method of deflecting an asteroid for planetary defense. The threat from asteroid impacts is small but real — and preventable. Missions like DART are essential to help us understand how to stop dangerous asteroids

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