Here’s some information about restoring historic refractors: 

• Yerkes Observatory The University of Chicago transferred ownership of Yerkes Observatory to Yerkes Future Foundation in 2020. The foundation plans to restore the Great Refractor, the world’s largest refracting telescope, for research and public viewing. The Great Refractor weighs about 82 tons and has an objective lens of 1.016 m (40 in). 
• Potsdam Great Refractor The Potsdam Great Refractor is an historic astronomical telescope in an observatory in Potsdam, Germany. 
• Meudon Great Refractor The Meudon Great Refractor is a double telescope with lenses (83 cm + 62 cm) in Meudon, France. It was built in 1891. 

Refractors were the earliest type of optical telescope. The term “great refractor” refers to a large telescope with a lens, usually the largest refractor at an observatory with an equatorial mount. The success of this style in observational astronomy defines an era in modern telescopy in the 19th and early 20th century.

The Yerkes Observatory in Williams Bay, Wisconsin has the world’s largest refracting telescope.  The telescope has a 40-inch (102 cm) objective lens and weighs about 82 tons.  It was built in 1895 and has been used for astronomical and scientific observations for over a century.  The University of Chicago transferred ownership of the observatory to Yerkes Future Foundation in 2020.  The foundation plans to restore the telescope for research and public viewing. 

The Swedish 1-m Solar Telescope has a lens diameter of 43 inches, but only 39 inches are clear for the aperture

The era of great refractors lasted less than a century. The Victorian era produced the first great refracting telescopes and their enclosures. In the 19th century, refracting telescopes became a rugged and precise instrument. In the late 19th century, large refractors had some great successes, including: 

• The discovery of the moons of Mars in 1877 
• The discovery of Jupiter’s moon Amalthea in 1892 
• Groundbreaking research on astrophotography and spectroscopy 

The first record of a refracting telescope appeared in the Netherlands about 1608. Galileo Galilei heard of the invention in May 1609.

No, most modern telescopes are reflectors. Reflecting telescopes are used by professional astronomers because: 

• Chromatic aberration: There is no chromatic aberration when using a reflecting telescope to view the night sky 
• Cost: It is cheaper to make reflectors than refractors 
• Light gathering: Gathering more light from the sky produces better images of distant objects 

The largest American reflector is the 5-m telescope on Mount Palomar. The largest refractor has a diameter of 40″ (about 1 m). 

Refractors are still used today for specialized purposes, such as: 

• Observing distant objects in the night sky 
• Binoculars 
• Zoom camera lenses

Yes, refracting telescopes are still used today, but primarily for specialized purposes. They are great for astrophotography and are used by amateur astronomers. They are also used for observing binary stars, and in orbit. 

Refractors are not used by professional astronomers because they are limited to about 1 meter in width so they cannot be used for the imaging of very distant objects and dim objects. 

Refractors offer advantages such as crisp and high-contrast images. One of the most famous uses of the refracting telescope was Galileo’s use of it to discover Jupiter’s four largest moons in 1609.

Refractor telescopes are a good choice for beginners to view planets. They are also good for astrophotography and lunar observing. 

Refractors use concave lenses to refract light and make objects appear big and bright. They are usually smaller and more portable than other types of telescopes. 

Refractors tend to work well on planets because they have no central obstruction (secondary mirror), which means better contrast for a given aperture. 

A top-quality 4-inch refractor can show deep-sky objects about as well as a 5-inch reflector or catadioptric, and might even do a bit better on the planets. 

Experienced planetary observers use 20x to 30x per inch of aperture to see the most planetary detail.

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