Astronomers found dozens of massive stars moving differently than the Milky Way galaxy’s rotation. These stars are called runaway stars and are on their way out of the galaxy. 

The Milky Way can’t hold onto all of its stars. Some stars that wandered too close were flung out of the galaxy at high speed by the black hole’s gravity. 

The best current method to determine the precise solar mass of the Milky Way is to look at the motions of hypervelocity stars that are ejected from the galaxy. 

Some of these so-called “stellar outcasts” or “intergalactic stars” have actually been observed by NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope.

They found 69 Be runaway stars, which represent 5.2% of the stars in the Be-type star catalogue. Forty-seven of these are newly identified. Overall, the type-O stars move faster than the Be-type stars

The Milky Way is called the Milky Way because it appears as a milky band of light in the sky when you see it in a really dark area. In Greek mythology, this milky band appeared because the goddess Hera sprayed milk across the sky. 

The Romans named the galaxy “via lactea,” which translates to “road of milk”. The ancient Romans called the band via lacteal, which means “milky road” or “milky way”. 

In other parts of the world, our galaxy goes by other names: 

• In China it’s called the “Silver River,” 
• In the Kalahari Desert in Southern Africa, it’s called the “Backbone of Night

The mass of a galaxy can be determined by measuring the orbital velocities of stars and interstellar matter. The more massive the galaxy, the faster the objects should move. 

The best current method to determine the precise solar mass of the Milky Way is to look at the motions of hypervelocity stars that are ejected from the galaxy. Other methods include: 

• Measuring the interactions of hypervelocity stars with binary stars and the supermassive black hole at the center of the galaxy 
• Measuring the motions of gas clouds and stars 
• Applying Kepler’s third law, which relates the orbital period and distance of an object from a system’s center of mass, and the mass of the system 
• Spotting a very distant orbiting object, then measuring its velocity around the galaxy 
• Estimating the mass to light ratios based on observations in our own galaxy 
• Measuring the motions of tidal streamers of gas and globular clusters 

Current estimates of the galaxy’s total mass range from one to several trillion solar-masses.

The Milky Way is visible as a hazy band of white light, some 30° wide, arching the night sky. The Milky Way is approximately 100,000 light-years in diameter, and our solar system is 26,000 light-years from the center of the Galaxy. That puts us relatively close to the brightest part of the galaxy so the band is prominent in the dark night sky. 

However, we cannot see the entire Milky Way in the same way that we can view other galaxies, such as Andromeda. In fact, most of our understanding of the internal structure of the Milky Way is based on our observations of other galaxies combined with our limited perspective of our own galaxy. 

It is now estimated that 80% of Americans and 60% of Europeans can no longer see the Milky Way at all due to light pollution. Singapore is the most light polluted country in the world.

Yes, Earth is in the Milky Way galaxy.  The Milky Way is a large barred spiral galaxy that contains hundreds of billions of stars like our sun.  Earth is located in the Orion Arm, which is one of the spiral arms of the Milky Way. The Orion Arm is about two-thirds of the way out from the center of the galaxy.  Earth is roughly halfway to the edge of the Milky Way, at a distance of about 26,000 light years from the center. 

Our solar system is part of the Milky Way galaxy. The solar system includes the sun, Earth, and seven other planets. It also includes numerous comets and asteroids and dwarf planets that orbit the sun. Astronomers have confirmed the existence of over 5,000 planets orbiting stars other than our sun within the Milky Way galaxy.

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