The second- and fourth-most distant galaxies ever seen were seen when the universe was 332 million years old. The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) was designed to detect objects in the early universe that are tens of millions of years old

Here are some other galaxies: 

• UHZ1: 13.2 billion light-years away, seen when the universe was 3% of its current age 
• GN-z11: 32 billion light-years away 
• Andromeda Galaxy: 5–10 billion years old, but may not have existed in its current form until 2–3 billion years ago 

There are an estimated 200 billion to 2 trillion galaxies in the observable universe. Most galaxies are 1,000–100,000 parsecs in diameter, which is about 3,000–300,000 light years

The oldest galaxy ever seen is GLASS-z13, which is 13.4 billion light-years away. It formed 300 million years after the Big Bang, which happened 13.8 billion years ago. 

Here are some other galaxies: 

• GN-z11: 13.4 billion light-years away 
• HD1: 13.5 billion light-years away 
• JADES-GS-z13-0: 320 million years after the Big Bang

Galaxies beyond a certain distance are unreachable, even at the speed of light. However, there are still galaxies within the observable universe that have yet to be discovered. 

The overall structure and appearance of a galaxy doesn’t change much over short periods of time. However, some galaxies are so far away that they are being observed as they were when the light left them more than 10 billion years ago. 

In 2023, astronomers discovered a new galaxy using the JWST. The galaxy, named JWST-ER1, is massive and compact.

Scientists study distant galaxies to learn about the history of the universe. The light from distant galaxies can tell us about conditions in the early universe. By comparing early galaxies to today’s galaxies, scientists can understand how galaxies grow and evolve

Here are some things scientists can learn from studying distant galaxies: 

• Star formation Distant galaxies can teach us about the fundamental processes that regulate star formation. 
• Galaxy evolution Observing galaxies at different distances shows galaxies of different ages and stages of evolution. 
• Galaxy organization Galaxies show us how matter in the universe is organized on large scales. 
• Galaxy spiral arms Researchers observe galaxies to understand how spiral arms form and how long they last.

When we look at distant galaxies, we’re actually seeing them as they were when the light left them. This is because light travels at a finite speed, about 186,000 miles per second. The farther away we look, the farther back in time we see. 

The phenomenon of seeing distant objects as they were in the past is called lookback time. For example, if we observe an object that’s one million light years away, we’re seeing it as it was one million years ago. 

The Hubble Deep Fields gave astronomers a clear look back to the time when galaxies were forming. These images provide clues about how the universe looked in the past and how it may have evolved

Distant galaxies appear younger because the light we see today left them billions of years ago. The light from distant galaxies has traveled for billions of years, so we see the galaxies as they were long ago

Nearby galaxies are seen in their old age. Young galaxies have a large fraction of recently formed hot blue stars, whereas old galaxies mostly contain colder red stars

Astronomers think that the farthest galaxies we can see may also be the oldest in the universe because the universe has been expanding since its formation. This means that galaxies are moving away from each other, so the galaxies that are farthest away are likely to be the oldest

The oldest visible galaxies are the furthest away because only at huge distances can we see the first generations of galaxies. These galaxies formed only a few hundred million years after the Big Bang. 

The most distant galaxy that has yet been detected is called z8_gnd_5296. It has a redshift of 7.5 and is about 13.1 billion light years away. This makes it 13.1 billion years old

Elliptical galaxies are thought to be the oldest type of galaxy.  They are the most common type of galaxy, making up about 33% of the universe.  Elliptical galaxies are round or cucumber-shaped and are often found at the center of large clusters of galaxies.  They are also the most massive and dense galaxies. 

Elliptical galaxies are thought to have formed in major mergers between galaxies. They are also believed to have formed from the collision of smaller spiral galaxies. 

Elliptical galaxies have very little interstellar gas and dust, making it unlikely for star formation to occur. Most ellipticals stopped forming stars more than 10 billion years ago. 

Other types of galaxies include: 

• Irregular galaxies: Do not have a distinct regular shape. 
• Lenticular galaxies: A cross between spirals and ellipticals. They have a central bulge and disk like spiral galaxies, but no arms. 
• Seyfert galaxies: 2% of all spiral galaxies

As of March 2023, the oldest and most distant galaxy known is spectroscopically confirmed to have a redshift of 13.2. This corresponds to a lookback time of 13.6 billion years. 

Here are some other old galaxies: 

• GLASS-z13: This galaxy formed 300 million years after the Big Bang. 
• HD1: This galaxy is 13.5 billion light-years away. 
• GN-z11: This galaxy was the oldest known until 2022. 
• IOK-1: This galaxy was discovered in 2006

The oldest thing in the universe is believed to be the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB). This is the afterglow of the Big Bang. The CMB light comes from around 380,000 years after the Big Bang. Before this, the universe was opaque to light

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