The final parsec problem is when two black holes inspiral until they are about a parsec apart, then stabilize. This is because they lose energy through gravitational waves, which can only happen when they get very close to each other.
One idea to solve the final parsec problem is to introduce dark matter. Dark matter waves can carry away orbital energy from the black holes, rapidly driving them together.
When two galaxies merge, they often produce a supermassive black hole binary (SMBHB) at their center. The merger process supplies gas to galaxies’ central supermassive black holes, which will also eventually merge and form even larger black holes
This is known as the final parsec problem. One idea to solve the problem is to introduce dark matter into the mix. After all, cold dark matter is nearly everywhere according to the standard cosmological model, so it likely plays a role in the mergers of supermassive black holes.
There are multiple theories about the connection between dark matter and black holes:
- Dark matter is made of primordial black holes This theory suggests that primordial black holes created in the Big Bang could account for all dark matter in the universe.
- Black holes swallow dark matter This theory suggests that black holes can absorb dark matter that comes close enough to them.
- Black holes are dark matter This theory suggests that black holes are made of dark matter. However, normal matter is responsible for the black holes we observe in the universe.
The leading explanation for dark matter is that it’s an undiscovered subatomic particle, like axions or weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs).
The final parsec problem is a mystery in black hole astrophysics. The problem is that two black holes stop getting closer when they are about a parsec apart, or about three light-years. This is because the black holes give away their energy to other objects, like gas, dust, and stars.
The final parsec problem can be solved by introducing a third black hole. The two merging black holes can transfer their energy to the third black hole and merge with each other.
Numerical simulations with cold dark matter show that SMBHBs typically stall out at a distance of a few parsecs apart, and take billions of years to coalesce.
Dark matter doesn’t collapse because it’s non-collisional, pressure-less, and doesn’t interact with electromagnetism. Dark matter particles only interact gravitationally, so they don’t collide. They also don’t feel drag or friction, so they can’t dissipate energy.
Dark matter can’t cool down, so it can’t collapse into a star or black hole. If it starts to collapse, it gets hotter and expands. It also doesn’t have a mechanism to shed angular momentum, so it can’t reach the densities needed to create an event horizon and black hole.
Dark matter is completely invisible and emits no light or energy. It makes up about 27% of the universe
A team of 17 astronomers led by the University of Hawaii has found evidence that black holes are the source of dark energy. The study was published in The Astrophysical Journal Letters.
The theory is that the vacuum energy created by black holes could account for all of the dark energy in the universe. Dark energy is the mysterious force that causes the universe to expand at an accelerating rate.
Black holes gain mass in two ways:
- Accretion of gas
- Mergers with other black holes
Most black holes form from the remnants of a large star that dies in a supernova explosion.
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