On November 27, 2023, four Artemis 2 moon astronauts signed their names on a rocket piece that will send them to the moon in late 2024. The astronauts signed the Orion spacecraft stage adapter for the Artemis 2 lunar mission. 

The Artemis 2 mission will be the first human mission to the moon since 1972. The astronauts will orbit the moon for 6.5 days. 

The Artemis program has launch sites at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station, Kennedy Space Center, and Starbase

The Artemis 2 mission will test the Orion spacecraft and Space Launch System (SLS) rocket with humans on board. The mission will also demonstrate the Orion spacecraft’s ability to transport people safely. 

Artemis 2 will: 

• Test optical communications: The Orion Artemis II Optical Communications System (O2O) will test and demonstrate optical communications to and from Earth. 
• Fly the Orion module: The four-person crew will fly the Orion module 8,889 km beyond the moon. 
• Complete a lunar flyby: The spacecraft will make a near pass above the moon’s surface. 
• Return to Earth: The spacecraft will return to Earth. 

The Artemis 2 mission will also test four major metrics of readiness: 

• Mission planning 
• System performance 
• Crew interfaces 
• Guidance and navigation systems 

Artemis 2 will pave the way for Artemis III, which will land the first woman on the moon.

Here are some planned Artemis missions: 

• Artemis 2: Launch in 2024. This will be the first crewed flight test of the Orion spacecraft and Space Launch System around the moon. 
• Artemis 3: Launch in 2025. This mission will land two astronauts on the moon’s south polar region for about a week. It will be the first mission to land a woman and a person of color on the moon. 
• Artemis 4: Dock with the Lunar Gateway in 2028. 

Other Artemis missions include: Artemis I, Artemis IV. 

The Artemis program will use commercial rockets, NASA’s Space Launch System, the Orion crew capsule, and a commercial lunar landing system. The program’s goal is to land humans on the moon quickly and establish a long-term presence there. 

The Lunar Gateway is a small space station that will orbit the moon. It will serve as a base of operations for astronauts traveling to and from the lunar surface

Artemis 4 will deliver the I-Hab habitat module to the Lunar Gateway. The I-Hab module was developed by the European Space Agency and the Japanese space agency JAXA. The module will be docked with the Gateway’s first elements, the Power and Propulsion Element and Habitation and Logistics Outpost

Artemis 4 will also land two astronauts on the moon’s surface. The astronauts will be the first to live and work in the Lunar Gateway. 

Artemis 4 is scheduled to launch in 2028

Artemis 5 will launch in 2029 and will include: 

• Four astronauts 
• The ESPRIT refueling and communications module 
• A robotic arm system 
• NASA’s Lunar Terrain Vehicle 
• A third crewed lunar landing 
• A third crewed lunar lander 

The mission will deliver these items to the Gateway Space Station: 

• ESPRIT refueling and communications module 
• Robotic arm system 
• Lunar Terrain Vehicle 

Artemis 5 will also add another module to the Gateway.

The Orion spacecraft has three main parts: 

• Launch abort system 
• Crew module 
• Service module 

The service module has 20,000 parts and four solar array wings.  The Orion spacecraft also has an Orion stage adapter (OSA). The OSA connects the SLS rocket to Orion and has slots for payloads. The OSA was built by Marshall Space Flight Center. 

The Orion spacecraft’s upper stage is created by the solid rocket boosters of the SLS rocket and the Orion spacecraft. The upper stage sends the Orion capsule toward the moon less than two hours after liftoff. 

The Space Launch System (SLS) has 2.5 stages. The core stage of the SLS rocket supports the weight of the payload, upper stage, and crew vehicle. It also supports the thrust of its four RS-25 engines and two five-segment solid rocket boosters

The Orion spacecraft for the Artemis I mission is currently at NASA’s Kennedy Space Center. The spacecraft splashed down in the Pacific Ocean on December 11, 2022 after a 25.5 day mission. The mission took Orion 1.4 million miles to the moon and back, and deeper into space than any other spacecraft designed to carry people

The next two Artemis missions, Artemis II and Artemis III, are scheduled for launch in late 2024 and late 2025. Artemis II will not land on or orbit the moon, but will use course corrections to achieve a free-return trajectory

NASA’s Orion spacecraft splashed down in the Pacific Ocean, west of Baja California, at 9:40 a.m. PST Sunday after a record-breaking mission, traveling more than 1.4 million miles on a path around the Moon and returning safely to Earth, completing the Artemis I flight test.(full article source google)

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