Wide binary data from Gaia (the Global Astrometric Interferometer) seems to conclude that any modified gravity theory must reliy upon scale and length rather than acceleration. If this continues to be the case for future observations then it may well mark the demise of the MOND model for good

wide binary data from Gaia (the Global Astrometric Interferometer) may indicate that modified gravity theories should rely on scale and length rather than acceleration. If this continues to be the case, it could mark the end of the MOND model. 

Wide binary anomalies are a problem for standard gravity and cosmology, which rely on dark matter and dark energy. A study on the orbital motions of wide binaries found evidence that standard gravity breaks down at low accelerations. This discovery supports a modified theory called MOND and challenges current concepts of dark matter. 

However, two recently published papers by independent authors found evidence for MONDian behavior in wide binaries. These papers are Chae (2023) in the Astrophysical Journal and Hernandez (2023) in Monthly Notices.

Wide binaries are binary stars with large orbital separations.  The separations can be thousands of times the distance between Earth and the sun.  Wide binaries are ideal for testing MOND because MOND is relevant at low accelerations.  In a MOND hypothesis, wide binary stars should be more strongly bound to each other than Newtonian gravity would predict. 

The MOND radius of the Sun is 7000 AU (7 kAU) or 0.03 pc. This is much smaller than the typical separation between stars in the Solar neighborhood.

In 2023, there was a study in The Astrophysical Journal that provided evidence for modified gravity. The study’s DOI is 10.3847/1538-4357/ace101. 

Modified gravity, also known as modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND), is a theory that explains why stars in most galaxies move at similar speeds. MOND assumes that gravity acts differently on the largest and smallest scales. 

MOND predicts a tenfold reduction in gravity, while gravity predicts a hundredfold decline. 

Other 2023 MOND-related publications include: 

• Simulations of star forming main sequence galaxies in Milgromian gravity 
• Tripotential MOND theories

Outstanding problems for MOND. The most serious problem facing Milgrom’s law is that it cannot eliminate the need for dark matter in all astrophysical systems: galaxy clusters show a residual mass discrepancy even when analyzed using MOND

Some evidence against MOND includes: 

• Mass discrepancies There is evidence of mass discrepancies in the universe from multiple observations. For example, galaxy clusters still show a mass discrepancy after being processed by modified Newtonian dynamics. 
• Bullet cluster The bullet cluster shows a collisionless component that is distinct from the visible matter and gas. 
• Solar system There is no evidence of deviation from Newton’s law on the scale of the solar system. 

MOND is a mathematical theory that modifies equations without an underlying physical theory

Some other problems with MOND include: 

• Galaxy clusters MOND doesn’t fit the data for galaxy clusters well. Galaxy clusters still show a mass discrepancy even after being processed by MOND. 
• Ordinary matter MOND modifies Newtonian gravitation at large distances, but ordinary matter galaxies exist without dark matter. This suggests that dark matter and ordinary matter are independent of each other. 
• Gravitational lensing Strong gravitational lensing always occurs in the Newtonian regime, so it doesn’t test MOND.

The MOND paradigm of modified dynamics is an alternative to Newtonian dynamics and general relativity. It aims to explain mass discrepancies in the universe without the need for dark matter. 

MOND is a mathematical theory that modifies equations without an underlying physical theory. It’s an algorithm that uses one additional parameter to calculate the distribution of gravitational force in astronomical objects. 

MOND proposes that: 

• There is a critical acceleration at which the Newtonian force changes to a slower dependence 
• Observations attributed to dark matter can be explained by modifying Newtonian dynamics when gravitational acceleration falls below a constant value 

MOND was originally formulated to explain anomalies in galaxy velocities. It’s an alternative to the hypothesis of dark matter in explaining why galaxies don’t seem to obey the laws of physics.(full article source google)

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