How do planets form

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Scientists think planets, including the ones in our solar system, likely start off as grains of dust smaller than the width of a human hair. They emerge from the giant, donut-shaped disk of gas and dust that circles young stars. Gravity and other forces cause material within the disk to collide

Scientists believe that planets form when a dense cloud of dust and gas, called a nebula, spins around a newly formed star. Gravity causes the bits of matter in the nebula to clump together. These clumps accumulate and grow, eventually becoming planets

Here are some more details about how planets form: 

  • Accretion The dust collected into clumps and would stick together due to gravitational forces. 
  • Collisions Particles in a disk of gas and dust collide and stick together as they orbit the star. 
  • Gravity The planets nearest to the star tend to be rockier because the star’s wind blows away their gases. 

The Earth formed over 4.6 billion years ago out of a mixture of dust and gas around the young sun. The moon formed from a giant impact that threw enough rock, gas, and dust into space

Planet formation is the process of forming a planet. It includes the gravitational collapse of a planetesimal into a protoplanet, the accretion of materials onto this protoplanet, and the planetary accretion that follows

After planets form, they go through four stages of development: Differentiation, Cratering, Flooding, Surface Evolution

The nebular hypothesis states that the solar system began to form around the Sun about 4.5 billion years ago. 

Here are some other steps in the formation of planets: 

  • Protoplanetary discs: Provide the material and location for planet formation 
  • Star formation: Massive clouds of gas and dust condense into protostars 
  • Moon formation: Many moons form from gas and dust discs around their parent planets 
  • Accretion: Small particles of dust, gas, and ice collect and stick together 
  • Cratering: The crust of a planet fractures, and lava flows over the land, filling craters 
  • Planetesimals: Colliding planetesimals merge to form a larger body

Here are the four stages of planet development: 

  • Differentiation The process by which the chemical elements of a planet accumulate in different areas of the planet. Dense materials, like iron-rich minerals, sink to the center of the planet, while less dense materials, like silicon-rich minerals, rise to the surface. 
  • Cratering The excavation of a planet’s surface when it is struck by a meteoroid. This process generates extreme shock pressure and shock temperature conditions on and just below planetary surfaces. 
  • Flooding The result of a complex interaction between rainfall, urban and rural land surfaces, soil types, topography, drainage and river channels, and other man-made changes. 
  • Surface Evolution The last stage of planetary formation, which lasts for billions of years. The face of the planet is slowly altered by the movement of tectonic plates and the effects of atmospheric movements and water

4.55 billion years ago: Let there be light: The Sun begins fusing hydrogen into helium. 4.5 billion years ago: Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Marsform. A Mars-sized planet collides with Earth, and the debris forms the Moon. 4.5 to 4.1 billion years ago: The Sun gravitationally separates from its protostar siblings.

The planets in our solar system formed in the following order: 

Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars

The rocky planets formed closer to the Sun than they are today. The gas giants formed after the rocky planets. 

The planets in our solar system, in order of distance from the Sun, are: 

Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. 

Jupiter was the first planet to form in our solar system. The planets in our solar system formed at the same time, about 4.6 billion years ago

planets formed: 

  • Mercury Formed about 4.5 billion years ago. Mercury is a terrestrial planet with a rocky mantle, a solid crust, and a dense metallic core. 
  • Venus Formed about 4.5 billion years ago. Venus is a terrestrial planet with a rocky mantle, a solid crust, and a central core. 
  • Earth Formed about 4.6 billion years ago. Earth may have formed as a result of a supernova. 
  • Mars Formed about 4.5 billion years ago.

The Sun formed before Jupiter

  • Sun Formed about 4.6 billion years ago from the gravitational collapse of a large molecular cloud. The Sun is made up of hydrogen and helium gas. 
  • Jupiter Formed about 4.6 billion years ago from a spinning disk of gas and dust. Jupiter is a gas giant that contains more than twice the mass of all the other bodies in the solar system. 

Jupiter is considered the oldest planet in the solar system. It formed about one million years after the Sun.

Jupiter is often called a “failed star” because it has the same elements as the Sun, but it’s not massive enough to ignite. Jupiter is made up of hydrogen and helium, like most stars. However, it doesn’t have the internal pressure and temperature to fuse hydrogen into helium, which powers stars

Stars can become planets, but only a specific type of star called a brown dwarf

Brown dwarfs lose their outer layers until only the core remains. At this point, the star is called a white dwarf and will eventually fade away. 

Planets and stars are different types of celestial bodies with different properties. Planets don’t become stars because they don’t have enough mass to start nuclear fusion. 

Planets are made of solids, liquids, and gases, while stars are made of hydrogen, helium, and other light elements.

A study published in Astronomy & Astrophysics found that dying stars can give birth to planets. As stars die, they expand and release dust and gas, which can form protoplanetary disks. These disks can lead to planet formation.(full article source google)

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