NASA is using plasma technology to reduce drag during hypersonic flight. The technology uses an electromagnet to control the flow of gas around the vehicle. This can reduce drag, or atmospheric friction, and steer the vehicle. The technology is based on magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), which uses electrical and magnetic fields to control the flow of liquids and gases.

Hypersonic aircraft travel at speeds greater than the speed of sound, typically over 3,000 miles per hour. NASA defines “high” hypersonic speeds as Mach numbers from 10 to 25, and re-entry speeds as anything greater than Mach 25

NASA says the electromagnet can then be used to control the flow of gas around the vehicle, either to reduce drag (atmospheric friction) or steer the vehicle. This concept is based on what is known as magnetohydrodynamics, or MHD, which uses electrical and magnetic fields to control the flow of gases or liquids

Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) is a technology that uses electrical and magnetic fields to control the flow of gases or liquids. NASA uses MHD to control the flow of gas around a vehicle to reduce drag and steer the vehicle

MHD can also be used to propel vehicles. A magnetohydrodynamic drive (MHD accelerator) uses electric and magnetic fields to accelerate a propellant (liquid or gas) without moving parts. 

Other technologies that use electromagnets include: 

• Maglev systems: Use strong electromagnets to lift a vehicle a few inches above a track and propel it forward. 
• Electromagnetic propulsion (EMP): Uses a flowing electrical current and magnetic fields to accelerate an object. 
• Electromagnetic braking: Uses magnetic brakes to reduce damage to the brakes

Hypersonic vehicles use hydrogen or liquid hydrocarbon as fuel. Hydrogen is a popular choice because of its high energy content, fast burning rate, and heat transfer properties. 

Hydrogen fuel is injected into the air stream of a hypersonic plane. The combustion of the hydrogen creates hot gases that accelerate the exhaust air, generating thrust. 

Some reactions that can be used to increase fuel enthalpy include: Thermal cracking, Depolymerization, Dehydrogenation, Dehydrocyclization. 

Liquid fuels need to be evaporated and atomized before burning, which takes extra time.

Hypersonic flight is flight through the atmosphere at speeds greater than Mach 5, which is about 3,500 miles per hour. At these speeds, the air begins to dissociate and high heat loads exist. The nose cone and leading edges of the vehicle can experience temperatures up to 3,000 to 5,000 degrees Fahrenheit

Some vehicles that have flown at hypersonic speeds include: 

• The nose cones of intercontinental ballistic missiles 
• The Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo space capsules 
• The space shuttle 
• The X-15 hypersonic research vehicle 

Hypersonic flight poses challenges to airframe and control system designers. The high velocity can make the vehicle sensitive to changes in flight conditions, which can cause instability. 

Hypersonic commercial flight is a goal that is likely decades away. Companies are developing the technologies needed to propel passengers to Mach 5 and beyond. (Full article source google)

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