Yes, stars can form around black holes
When a black hole is active, it’s surrounded by a disk of gas and dust. This disk can be a fertile ground for star formation because of the high densities of matter.
The gas and dust in the disk race around the black hole, heating up to incredible temperatures. Plumes of gas break off and blast into space. The gas rapidly cools, collapses, and forms baby stars.
Star formation in an accretion disk around a supermassive black hole is possible if the disk is sufficiently massive and cools rapidly.
Black holes aren’t always monsters. Normally, the giant black holes lurking at the center of galaxies are known for quenching star formation. However, the black hole at the heart of a dwarf galaxy can kick-start star formation instead of cutting it off
When a black hole is “active”, likely during its early phases when the galaxy that surrounds it is a chaotic place, it is surrounded by an extended accretion disk of gas and dust. This accretion disk can be fertile ground for star formation due to the accumulation of high densities of matter
Yes, stars orbit black holes
In 2022, scientists discovered the star S4716, which orbits the Milky Way’s supermassive black hole, Sagittarius A*, every four years. S4716 is the fastest known star, traveling at speeds of around 18 million miles per hour. It’s also four times more massive than the sun and twice as hot.
A cluster of stars also orbits close to Sagittarius A*.
Black holes are stellar corpses, formed when massive stars die. Stars that are eight to ten times the mass of the sun explode and leave behind a black hole.
Black holes trap everything that falls into them, including light
The Milky Way galaxy doesn’t orbit a black hole, but it does revolve around a supermassive black hole called Sagittarius A*. This black hole is about four million times the mass of the sun and is located 26,000 light-years from our solar system
The Milky Way’s hundreds of billions of stars rotate around Sagittarius A*. This black hole shapes the galaxy’s movements.
Black holes are notoriously difficult to spot, and scientists usually only infer their existence by the effects they have on their environment
Yes, the sun orbits a supermassive black hole called Sagittarius A* at the center of the Milky Way. The black hole has a mass of 8.2×10^36 kg, while the sun has a mass of 2×10^30 kg. The two are separated by 2.37×10^20 m (25,000 light-years
The sun is not massive enough to become a black hole. Instead, in several billion years, the sun will shed its outer layers and its core will form a white dwarf. A white dwarf is a dense ball of carbon and oxygen that no longer produces nuclear energy, but that shines because it is very hot
The new stars that form around black holes are called circumbinary stars. They are usually very small and faint.
The gas and dust in the accretion disk race around the black hole, heating up to incredible temperatures. Plumes of gas break off and blast into space. The gas rapidly cools, collapses, and forms baby stars.
Hubble imaging and spectroscopy of the dwarf starburst galaxy Henize 2-10 clearly show a gas outflow stretching from the black hole to a bright star birth region
As the black hole plows through intergalactic space it compresses tenuous gas in front to it. This precipitates the birth of hot blue stars
A black hole can contribute to the formation of new stars in its vicinity. This happens when the particles from the black hole’s jet interact with the surrounding matter, creating hot gas. This gas expands into neighboring galaxies and can create a shock wave that compresses nearby gas and forms new stars
Astronomers have observed a black hole in the dwarf galaxy Henize 2-10 that is “giving birth” to stars. The new stars are tethered to the black hole by a “umbilical cord” of gas and dust. Hubble imaging and spectroscopy show a flow of plasma, or ionized gas, that stretches from the black hole. This gas collides with a dense cloud of gas near the edge of the galaxy, triggering the cloud to form clusters of stars.
Black holes have a gravitational force that pulls on objects around them. Stellar black holes consume the dust and gas from their surrounding galaxies, which allows them to grow in size
When particles from a black hole’s jet interact with the surrounding matter, it creates a bubble of hot gas. The jets heat the surrounding interstellar gas, which causes it to expand. The resulting inflating bubble contains a mixture of hot gas
The jets are made up of both material and energy. When the particles interact with other material around the black hole, most of the energy in the jets is released. The jets collide with the material and create shock waves.
The gas falls toward the black hole and rotates around it, forming an “accretion disk”. The gas heats up, eventually becoming so hot that atoms lose their electrons. This creates a plasma that carries magnetic fields.
In a hot gas, the molecules move faster than in a cold gas. The mass remains the same, but the kinetic energy, and hence the temperature, is greater because of the increased velocity of the molecules.
Supernovae add enriching elements to space clouds of dust and gas, further interstellar diversity, and produce a shock wave that compresses clouds of gas to aid new star formation
In 2022, astronomers observed a supermassive black hole at the center of the dwarf galaxy Henize 2-10 that is creating stars instead of consuming them. The black hole is spewing a 500-light-year-long jet of ionized gas from its center at around 1 million mph. This ionized gas slams into a dense cloud of gas near the edge of the dwarf galaxy, triggering the cloud into forming clusters of stars
Henize 2-10 is a “starburst” galaxy, meaning stars are being formed at a much higher rate than normal. The galaxy is also relatively small, much like the Milky Way
Black holes can also be the birthplace of stars. The hot gas emitted from a black hole can contribute to the birth of stars. The black hole in Henize 2-10 is blowing new gas into the region at about 1 million mph, which triggers the birth of new stars.
Black holes are formed when massive stars die. Stars with a birth mass of about 8 to 10 times the mass of our sun explode and die when they run out of fuel. This leaves behind a dense object, a black hole
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