Now, on the second anniversary of its launch, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has cemented the discrepancy with stunningly precise new observations that threaten to upend the standard model of cosmology. The new physics needed to modify or even replace the 40-year-old theory is now a topic of fierce debate

According to NASA, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is not designed to be serviced. However, it is designed to be reliable without regular servicing. 

The JWST is the most expensive and most advanced telescope ever built. It launched on December 25, 2021, and orbits the sun 1.5 million kilometers (1 million miles) away from Earth. The telescope is designed to last at least five and a half years, but has a goal of ten years. 

Some say the JWST’s images suggest our understanding of the cosmos is flawed. Headlines have called the telescope a “break the universe” moment, upending models of cosmic history

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has captured images that some say challenge our understanding of the cosmos. The telescope’s initial findings suggested that stars and galaxies formed faster than expected. Some researchers say the images show that the universe is expanding faster than it should be. 

The JWST has also found galaxies that grew too large too soon after the Big Bang. According to the Washington Post, the JWST’s images “don’t match scientists’ models of how the universe formed”. 

Some headlines have called the JWST a “break the universe” moment, suggesting that the telescope has upended models of cosmic history. However, some say that subsequent data has ruled out some of the more dramatic findings

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has provided new insights into the early universe, including the existence of a possible new type of star. The JWST has spotted many ancient galaxies that are extremely bright and would have formed in regions rich in dark matter. The telescope has also spotted objects that may be a new type of star, powered by dark matter. These “dark stars” are still hypothetical, and their identification in JWST images is far from certain

The JWST’s infrared cameras can see through dust and gas, allowing us to see more and earlier star formation and development. The JWST’s instruments detect near-infrared and mid-infrared wavelengths, which are just beyond the red end of the visible spectrum. This allows the JWST to study the early universe, galactic evolution, stellar birth, and atmospheric compositions.

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has discovered a number of black holes, including: 

• The most distant and active supermassive black hole This black hole is less massive than any other black hole found in the early universe. 
• The oldest black hole This black hole is 13 billion years old and has the mass of 1.6 million suns. It is located at the center of a galaxy that formed 440 million years after the Big Bang. 
• The most distant black hole ever detected in X-rays This black hole is located in a galaxy called UHZ1. X-ray emission is a sign of a growing supermassive black hole. 

The JWST also discovered the most distant and active supermassive black hole ever found, along with an international team of astrophysicists. 

Scientists can’t directly observe black holes with telescopes that detect x-rays, light, or other forms of electromagnetic radiation. However, they can infer the presence of black holes and study them by detecting their effect on other nearby matter.

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) is expected to help us understand the universe and our origins. It will examine every phase of cosmic history, from the first luminous glows after the Big Bang to the evolution of our own solar system

The JWST has provided detailed images of galaxies that existed when the universe was only 900 million years old. These distant galaxies are clumpy, often elongated, and are actively forming stars. 

The JWST has also detected water in the atmosphere of a giant gas planet 1,150 light-years away from Earth. This represents a significant advancement in finding potentially habitable planets, as well as helping us understand what makes exoplanets habitable. 

The JWST can also tell us the composition of the atmospheres of exoplanets. It can observe planetary atmospheres through the transit technique, which is when a planet moves across the disc of its parent star.

Webb is able to see what the universe looked like around a quarter of a billion years (possibly back to 100 million years) after the Big Bang, when the first stars and galaxies started to form

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) can see into the past because it detects infrared light that has traveled billions of miles across the universe. Light takes time to travel to us, so the furthest away objects are also the oldest. The JWST can see further than Hubble because it is in the infrared so it can look almost to the beginning of the universe, 13.7 billion years ago

The JWST’s mirrors and instruments are designed to have the wavelength range, sensitivity, and resolution to detect extremely faint red to mid-infrared light. This allows the JWST to capture detailed images and spectra from objects as close as Mars to as distant as 13.5 billion light-years

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) sends information back to Earth using a high-frequency radio transmitter. The telescope’s sensors measure energy and send data back to Earth, where it can be rendered into images

The JWST’s images are beamed back to Earth in black and white. After they are received, more work is done on them to create the colorful images we see. The JWST has two main cameras: 

• Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam): Captures shorter wavelengths of infrared light 
• Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI): Captures longer wavelengths of infrared light 

Large radio antennas that are part of the NASA Deep Space Network receive the signals and forward them to the Webb Science and Operation Center.

The James Webb Space Telescope’s (JWST) primary mirror intercepts infrared and red light and reflects it onto a smaller secondary mirror. The secondary mirror then directs the light into scientific instruments for recording

The JWST’s mirrors are made of beryllium and covered in a thin layer of gold to optimize them for reflecting infrared light. The telescope’s optical design is a three-mirror anastigmat, which uses curved secondary and tertiary mirrors to deliver images that are free from optical aberrations over a wide field. 

The JWST’s mirror is also helped by actuators, which are tiny mechanical motors that help the mirror focus on far-off objects. Each primary mirror segment has actuators on its back that allow control of the six spatial degrees of freedom with a precision better than 10 nanometers. A seventh actuator on each segment controls its radius of curvature. 

The JWST’s mirrors are retuned as needed during the mission to maintain its perfect vision.

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) has a larger primary mirror than the Hubble Space Telescope. The JWST’s primary mirror is 6.5 meters in diameter, while the Hubble’s is 2.4 meters. The JWST’s larger mirror gives it about seven times the light-gathering capability of the Hubble. This allows the JWST to see further into the past

The JWST’s primary mirror is made of 18 hexagonal segments of gold-plated beryllium. The Hubble’s primary mirror is a single 2.4-meter diameter disk of ultra-low expansion glass. The JWST’s mirror is also lighter than the Hubble’s, weighing 46 pounds compared to the Hubble’s 828 kilograms. 

The JWST is a three-mirror anastigmat telescope, with a concave primary mirror, a convex secondary mirror, and a tertiary mirror. The JWST primarily studies the universe in infrared, while the Hubble studies it primarily in optical and ultraviolet wavelengths

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