Surprising Discoveries in Plasma BehaviorThose high-energy electrons were previously identified in the jet experiment by the X-rays they generate, and Bellan says their presence was a surprise. That’s because conventional understanding says the jet plasma was too cold for electrons to be accelerated to high energy

According to a news article, Caltech Professor Paul Bellan’s research on plasma jets has revealed unexpected behaviors in cold plasmas. One of these behaviors is the presence of high-energy electrons, which was a surprise because conventional understanding says the jet plasma was too cold for electrons to be accelerated to high energy. 

Bellan initially theorized a collision-avoidance mechanism for electron acceleration, but later disproved this through simulations. He says that ripples choke the jet’s electric current, creating an electric field strong enough to accelerate electrons to high energy. 

X-rays are a high-energy electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging from 10 nanometers to 10 picometers. X-rays are widely used in medical diagnostics and material science

A plasma jet is a stream of very hot ionized plasma, or a device that produces such a stream. Plasma jets are also known as plasma plumes

Plasma jets are sources of stable and repetitive ionization waves. They are used in applications where they interact with surfaces of different characteristics. 

Plasma jets can be used for bio-medical, agricultural, and surface modification applications. For example, plasma jets can be used for: 

• Cleaning different metallic surfaces for soldering, varnishing, coating, gluing, bonding, and more 
• Activating plastic surfaces for welding 

Atmospheric pressure plasma jets (APPJs) are non-thermal plasma devices used in various bio-medical and agricultural applications. The plasma produced by an APPJ is touchable by bare hands. 

Some examples of different plasma devices for medical applications include: 

• Linear-field plasma jets 
• Dielectric barrier discharge jet configuration (DBD) 
• Floating-electrode DBD (FE-DBD) 
• Cross-field plasma jets 
• Radiofrequency (RF)

High-energy electrons are unstable electrons that are present in biochemicals. These biochemicals are unstable because they have lost aromaticity, their previous octet configuration, or have become radicals. 

High-energy electrons move faster than lower energy electrons. If they are bound in an atom, then the higher energy electron is able to get further away from the nucleus before being attracted back. 

High-energy electrons in cellular respiration come from the organic molecule that is being broken down. Specifically, the electrons are taken from the covalent bonds found within the molecule. 

An electron will jump to a higher energy level when excited by an external energy gain such as a large heat increase or the presence of an electrical field, or collision with another electron

Here are some surprising discoveries about plasma behavior: 

• Plasma jets Plasma jets have been found to emit unexpected X-rays. This is surprising because conventional understanding suggests that the plasma is too cold for electrons to be accelerated to high energy. 
• Electron behavior Some electrons can avoid collisions with ions and gain velocity from the electric field. This enables them to reach energies that can produce X-rays. 
• Particles in burning plasmas Particles inside burning plasmas have unexpectedly high energies. This could lead to new insights into the physics of fusion reactors. 
• Turbulence and magnetic reconnection Turbulence and magnetic reconnection can be closely related. 
• Magnetized plasmas Scientists have discovered a new way to classify magnetized plasmas. This could lead to advances in harvesting fusion energy on Earth. 

Plasma is a highly electrically conductive ionized gas. It’s more easily influenced by electric and magnetic fields than by gravity. The motion of electrons and ions in plasma produces its own electric and magnetic fields. 

Plasma has many applications, including: 

• Light sources 
• Large display televisions 
• Medical instruments 
• Material processing systems 

Some examples of plasma include: 

• Lightning 
• Aurorae 
• Neon signs and fluorescent lights 
• Solarwind 
• Welding arcs 
• The Earth’s ionosphere 
• Stars 
• The tail of a comet

(Full article source google)

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