Cadmium is a toxic environmental pollutant that can cause DNA damage and morphological changes. Particulate matter (PM) mixtures with higher cadmium content can cause increased DNA damage and morphological changes

Cadmium can cause: 

• Mutations 
• DNA strand breaks 
• Chromosomal damage 
• Cell transformation 
• Impaired DNA repair 
• Reactive oxygen species (ROS) 
• Epigenetic changes 

Cadmium is found in many products, including: Batteries, Pigments, Metal coatings, Plastics, Cigarette smoke. 

The chemical composition of PM can vary widely across space and time. Cakmak found an association between respiratory effects and the content of Cd, Zn, and V in PM2.5. The suggested mechanism was oxidative stress resulting in inflammation and tissue damage

Particulate matter (PM) mixtures with higher cadmium content can cause increased DNA damage and morphological changes. 

PM is a major component of outdoor air pollution and can damage DNA and increase the risk of cancer. PM can also cause short-term health effects such as eye, nose, throat and lung irritation, coughing, sneezing, runny nose, and shortness of breath. 

The chemical composition of PM mixtures can vary widely across space and time. For example, the average concentration of cadmium in urban and rural areas is about 0.1 µg/m³. Slightly higher values are measured close to industry (0.6 ng/m³). 

Cadmium is a soft, silvery-white metal that is chemically similar to zinc and mercury. It occurs as a minor component in most zinc ores and is a byproduct of zinc production. Cadmium use is generally decreasing because it is toxic.

Particulate matter (PM) is a major component of outdoor air pollution that can damage DNA and increase the risk of cancer. The International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified PM as carcinogenic to humans. 

PM contains many agents that can damage DNA, including: 

• PAHs 
• Cr 
• Aldehydes 
• ROS-inducing metals like Cr, Ni, and arsenic 

PM can also inhibit DNA repair and enhance mutagenesis. PM exposure can also: 

• Induce double-strand breaks 
• Deregulate the expression of some proteins in DNA repair pathways 

Fine particles in the air, especially PM2.5 (particles with a diameter of 2.5 micrometers or smaller), have been associated with an increased risk of lung cancer. These tiny particles can be inhaled deep into the lungs and may carry carcinogens with them. 

Common sources of outdoor air pollution include: 

• Emissions caused by combustion processes from motor vehicles 
• Solid fuel burning 
• Industry

Particulate matter (PM) is a major component of outdoor air pollution that can damage DNA and increase the risk of cancer. 

PM includes soil, dust, soot, and smoke. It comes from various sources, such as: 

• Coal- and natural gas-fired plants 
• Cars 
• Agriculture 
• Wildfires 
• Wood-burning stoves 
• Unpaved roads 
• Construction sites 

PM2.5, also known as fine particles, can be inhaled into the deepest recesses of the lung. These tiny particles can be inhaled deep into the lungs and may carry carcinogens with them. 

PM exposure induces DNA damage, including oxidative stress, PAH-adducts and DSBs. PM exposure deregulates the expression of DNA repair genes and proteins. Inhibition of PM-induced DNA repair could lead to a carcinogenic process. 

PM2.5 has been demonstrated to threaten public health and increase lung cancer risk. DNA damage is involved in the pathogenesis of lung cancer. 

PM2.5 was also associated with a higher incidence of ER+ breast cancer, but not ER-, tumors. This suggests that PM2.5 may affect breast cancer through an underlying biologic pathway of endocrine disruption

Yes, PM includes soil, dust, soot, and smoke. 

PM stands for particulate matter, which is a term for particles found in the air. These particles can include dust, dirt, soot, smoke, and liquid droplets. PM can be suspended in the air for long periods of time

PM can be made up of a number of components, including: 

• Nitrates and sulfates 
• Organic chemicals 
• Metals 
• Soil or dust particles 

Some particles, such as dust, dirt, soot, or smoke, are large or dark enough to be seen with the naked eye. Fine particulate matter is so small that it can only be seen through an electron microscope. 

PM can cause significant oxidative damage in whatever tissue they land in. They have been associated with increased mortality, primarily from autoimmune, cardiovascular, respiratory, and neoplastic diseases.

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