Some of the most complex organic molecules in space are thought to be produced on the surface of interstellar ice grains at very low temperatures. These grains are abundant throughout the universe

Organic molecules are based on a skeleton of bonded carbon atoms. Carbon atoms can link themselves to form straight chains, branched chains, and rings, allowing the formation of many different compounds. 

A new study suggests that complex organic molecules may form in the cold depths of space on tiny grains of dust. These enriched dust grains are then swept up into newly forming stars and solar systems, eventually becoming part of planets like Earth. 

A recent study found that certain organic compounds (PAHs) are “likely to be formed in the cold areas of space between stars, rather than in hot regions near stars as was previously thought”

Understanding These Organic MoleculesThey’re spread throughout the interstellar medium and detected in galaxies across the Universe. Generally, they’re used as a tracer of cold molecular gas, which is where stars—and planets—begin their formation journey

In the last 30 years, scientists have discovered about 135 organic molecules in interstellar clouds of matter. These molecules have been found throughout the Milky Way, in nearby galaxies, and in some of the most distant quasars. 

In total, scientists have identified 204 different molecules beyond Earth, ranging in size from two atoms to 70 atoms. These molecules have been found in the gas and dust around stars, in the atmospheres of planets and moons, and in the tails of comets. 

The largest and most complex organic molecule found to date is i-propyl cyanide. It’s the only one to share the branched atomic backbone of amino acids.

In echo to Hoyle’s science-fiction novel, water and formaldehyde, the first organic molecule, were detected in 1969 and found ubiquitous in interstellar clouds (Cheung et al., 1969; Snyder et al., 1969

According to a recent study, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are likely formed in the cold areas of space between stars, rather than in hot regions near stars. This finding challenges previous beliefs. 

PAHs are a class of organic compounds made up of multiple aromatic rings. They are uncharged, non-polar, and planar, and many are colorless. They are found in coal and oil deposits, and are also produced by the incomplete combustion of organic matter. 

The findings open new possibilities for studying life beyond Earth and the chemistry of objects

What have scientists found? They found that the select PAHs from Ryugu and Murchison had different characteristics. “The smaller ones likely formed in cold outer space, while bigger ones probably formed in warmer environments, like near a star or inside a celestial body,” Professor Grice said

According to a recent study, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are likely formed in the cold areas of space between stars, rather than in hot regions near stars. This finding challenges previous beliefs. 

PAHs are carbon-based molecules that were previously thought to have formed in or near stars. However, scientists studied PAHs extracted from the Ryugu asteroid and Murchison meteorite and discovered they likely formed in the cold areas of space between stars. 

PAHs have high molecular weight and boiling point, and are hydrophobic with minimal solubility in water. They are generated during incomplete combustion of organic materials. 

Exposure to PAHs may cause harmful health effects. For example, benzo(a)pyrene is considered one of the most carcinogenic PAHs

Here are some physicochemical properties of PAHs: 

• High molecular weight and boiling point 
• Hydrophobic 
• Minimal solubility in water 
• Lipophilic 
• High solubility in organic solvents 
• Low vapor pressure 
• Very low aqueous solubility 
• Chemically inactive 
• Bond to particulate matter 
• Colorless, white, or pale yellow-green solids 
• High sorption capacity 

PAHs are often made up of three or more fused benzene rings that contain only carbon and hydrogen. They are chemically stable, have low water solubility, and high sorption capacity, which makes them persistent in the environment.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) are carbon-based molecules that were previously thought to have formed in or near stars. However, analysis of PAHs extracted from the Murchison meteorite and Ryugu asteroid suggests that they likely formed in the cold areas of space between stars

PAHs are a large class of complex molecules in space. They are essential for the formation of stars and planets, and are found in large quantities in the interstellar medium

PAHs form in the outflows of dying carbon-rich stars. They are then processed as they travel out to the interstellar medium (ISM) and become part of protostellar environments. 

PAHs are neutral, hydrophobic nonpolar molecules with physical and chemical characteristics that vary with molecular weight. These characteristics cause differences in volatility, solubility, and biogeochemical cycling. 

PAHs can also be pollutants that originate from natural sources like volcanic activity and forest fires. However, they are more often produced through anthropogenic activities like incomplete combustion processes and vehicular emissions

smaller asteroids likely formed in cold outer space, while bigger ones probably formed in warmer environments. 

Here are some additional details about asteroids and celestial bodies: 

• Asteroids Asteroids are astronomical bodies, which are naturally occurring physical entities that exist within the observable universe. The majority of known asteroids orbit within the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. The belt is estimated to contain between 1.1 and 1.9 million asteroids larger than 1 kilometer (0.6 miles) in diameter, and millions of smaller ones. 
• Celestial bodies Celestial bodies are a single, tightly bound, contiguous entity. Stars can be as cool as 2500 Kelvin or as hot as 50,000 Kelvin. Outer space has a baseline temperature of 2.7 Kelvin, minus 453.8 degrees Fahrenheit or minus 270.45 degrees Celsius.

According to a recent study, complex organic molecules (COMs) can form in the cold depths of space on tiny grains of dust. These dust grains are then incorporated into newly forming stars and solar systems, eventually becoming part of planets like Earth. 

Here are some details about the formation of complex organic molecules: 

• Ortho-benzyne A simple molecule that helps form more complex organic molecules deep inside a frigid gas cloud. 
• Star formation As stars are born in a gas cloud, they heat up microscopic dust grains. Chemical reactions on the surface of the dust allow complex molecules like i-propyl cyanide to form. 
• Ionizing radiation Astrophysical laboratory experiments have shown that several COMs are formed via interaction of ionizing radiation within ices deposited on interstellar dust particles at 10 K. 
• HCN and liquid H2O HCN is a prerequisite brick for the formation of polymers via peptide bonds. Liquid H2O is essential in shaping up complex molecular structures.

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