HD 63433 d is an Earth-sized exoplanet that is tidally locked, meaning one side is always lit and the other is always dark. The side facing the star is so hot that half of the planet is likely covered in lava. The planet’s surface temperatures can reach up to 2,294°F (1,257°C) on the side facing the star. This is so hot that it has likely burned away any atmosphere that might have formed

The planet’s dayside reaches 1,257°C (2,294°F), which means it’s blistering hot lava and will likely spend billions of years in this state. This rules out any potential habitability

NASA’s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) has discovered an extraordinary planet that’s roughly the size of Earth but is only one-tenth of our planet’s age, with half of its surface likely dominated by scorching-hot lava

Here are some planets that are likely lava worlds: CoRoT-7b, Kepler-10b, Kepler-78b, Alpha Centauri Bb, Janssen. 

There are no lava worlds in our solar system. However, some planets in our solar system have volcanoes, including: 

Earth, Venus, Io, Mercury, Mars, The Moon

There are no known lava worlds in our solar system. However, there are some exoplanets that are likely lava worlds, including: CoRoT-7b, Kepler-10b, Kepler-78b. 

In 2020, researchers described an Earth-sized exoplanet named K2-141b that has a magma ocean, a rock vapor atmosphere, and supersonic winds. One side of the planet is a hot lava world, while the other side is extremely cold. The planet also experiences lava rain

Lava is molten rock that forms deep underground, where temperatures are hot enough to melt rock. Scientists call this molten rock magma when it’s underground

Lava is formed by slow heating under great pressure within the earth. As it’s lighter than the solid rock around it, magma rises and collects in magma chambers. Eventually, some of the magma pushes through vents and fissures to the Earth’s surface. 

Lava is extremely hot, reaching temperatures of 700 to 1,200 degrees Celsius (1,292 to 2,192 degrees Fahrenheit). While lava itself is not on fire, it can cause objects to ignite when it comes into contact with them.

Lava is not wet in the traditional sense. It’s not a liquid, so it can’t make things wet or saturate them. When something is thrown into lava, it doesn’t “splash” and sink, it goes “thud” and then bursts into flames

However, lava is a liquid state, so it can be considered wet as an adjective. Lava can cause water to boil and create steam when it comes into contact with it. 

Magma that is extruded as lava is extremely dry. However, magma at depth and under great pressure can contain a dissolved water content in excess of 10%. 

Dry lava is called igneous rock.

Yes, lava contains water. Magma, or molten rock, contains dissolved water and other gases. Magma that’s deep underground can contain 8–20% water by weight. Magma on the Earth’s surface contains an average of 4% water by weight

Magma’s water content may control the depth at which it resides. Water and other gases are dissolved in magma, similar to how carbon dioxide is dissolved in soda. When the liquid is opened, the gas escapes. 

Some lavas on Earth contain water, but it’s mostly a gas due to the pressure and temperature conditions

Lava contains many elements, including: 

Oxygen, Silicon, Aluminum, Iron, Sodium, Phosphorus, Titanium, Calcium, Magnesium, Potassium. 

Lava also contains gases like carbon dioxide, water vapor, and sulfur dioxide. The composition of lava can vary depending on the type of volcano it comes from. 

When lava erupts, it’s made up of a slush of crystals, liquid, and bubbles. The liquid “freezes” to form volcanic glass. As it cools, different minerals tend to form in a given order. 

Solidified lava on the Earth’s crust is predominantly silicate minerals, such as feldspars, feldspathoids, olivine, pyroxenes, amphiboles, micas, and quartz.

Yes, lava is made up of minerals. The exact composition of lava depends on the type of magma that is being erupted. For example, basaltic lava, which is common in Hawaii, is made up of mostly iron, magnesium, and calcium. 

Lava is primarily composed of silicate minerals, such as quartz, feldspar, olivine, and pyroxene. These minerals are formed from the cooling and solidification of molten rock from the Earth’s mantle or crust. 

The most common minerals in lava rocks are pyroxine, olivine, amphibole, and plagioclase feldspar. Low quantities of hornblende, biotite mica, magnetite, and quartz are occasionally present. 

Lava rock contains essential minerals such as calcium, potassium, and magnesium. As it gradually breaks down over time, it releases these minerals into the soil, providing natural nourishment to plants. 

Minerals can be extracted from lava samples. These minerals can be extracted and studied to understand the composition of the original lava and the geological processes involved.

Yes, lava can contain metals and metal oxides. The Earth’s outer core is made of molten lava, which is mostly iron and nickel. Some geologists refer to the lava as molten metal instead of molten rock.

Lava is also rich in other metals, including: 

Copper, Gold, Aluminum, Diamonds, Lead, Zinc. 

Volcanoes are one of the largest natural sources of metals to the Earth’s surface.  For example, Mount Etna in Italy releases about 20 tonnes of copper and 10kg of gold a day in volcanic gases. However, extracting metals from volcanic gas is not practical. Instead, mining metals from the underlying hot magmatic brines has real potential. 

Theortically, it’s possible to make metals from lava. However, it’s not practical because of the low metal content.

Scientists are interested in lava planets because they provide a rare glimpse into the early stages of planetary evolution

When planets first form, they go through a magma ocean stage as they cool down. Lava planets can provide insight into the evolution of nearly any terrestrial planet

Volcanic activity can also act as a window into a planet’s interior. The type of volcanism and the composition of the lava can give scientists a glimpse underneath the crust. The presence of volcanic features can also indicate that a planet’s interior was once hot enough to form magma

Here are some reasons why it’s useful to know about volcanoes on other planets: 

• Volcanism can help distinguish between oxygen produced by life and other planetary processes. 
• Volcanoes are how planets and moons get rid of heat. 
• Volcanic emissions contain carbon dioxide and water vapor, which are greenhouse gases that can help keep a planet warm. 
• Volcanoes can create mountains and craters, and spread lava rivers into landscapes. 
• The shape of a volcano can tell scientists what type of eruption can occur. 

Evidence of past volcanic activity has been found on every rocky planet in the solar system, as well as Jupiter’s moon Io. 

HD 63433 d is an exoplanet that orbits a star similar to our Sun. The planet is about 1.1 times the diameter of Earth and is tidally locked, meaning it has a dayside that always faces its star and a side that is always dark. 

Here are some other facts about HD 63433 d: 

• It orbits its star eight times closer than Mercury orbits our Sun. 
• It has a “year” that is only 4.2 days long. 
• It has a lava hemisphere that is 2,294°F. 
• It is the youngest Earth-sized planet closest to Earth, which is 400 million years old. 
• It is the smallest confirmed exoplanet that’s less than 500 million years old. 
• It is likely rocky, but it could still have a thick atmosphere. 

The name HD comes from the “Henry Draper Catalogue,” a widely-used star catalog. 

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