The early climate of Mars was complex, with streams flowing intermittently for millions of years.

There is evidence that Mars was once wet and warm, with rivers flowing across its surface and carving intricate channel systems. Some scientists believe that early Mars had a large ocean and a cool climate.

However, Mars’ average temperature is about minus 80 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 60 degrees Celsius). It can vary from minus 195 F (minus 125 C) near the poles during the winter to as much as 70 F (20 C) at midday near the equator. 

Scientists have historically viewed early Mars as either a warm and wet planet with an ocean, or a cold and icy place with enormous ice sheets.

Early Mars Climate was Complex, with Streams Flowing Intermittently for Millions of Years. There’s overwhelming evidence that Mars was once wet and warm. Rivers flowed across its surface and carved intricate channel systems revealed by our orbiters

There’s overwhelming evidence that Mars was once wet and warm

There’s evidence that Mars was once wet and warm, including: 

• Rivers and oceans Rivers flowed across Mars’ surface, carving intricate channel systems. Some say that oceans may have covered a third of Mars’ surface, and may have been larger than Earth’s. 
• Lakes and flowing water NASA’s Curiosity rover has provided evidence that Mars had lakes and flowing water for millions of years. 
• Valley networks, lakes, and shorelines Observations of Martian surfaces from the Late Noachian-Early Hesperian eras show valley networks, lakes, degraded craters, and possible oceanic shorelines. 

Planetary geologists believe that Mars once had a global ocean of water that was 0.5–1.5 km deep. A thick CO2-H2O atmosphere may have produced enough of a greenhouse effect to keep surface temperatures above freezing. 

However, Mars lost its atmosphere and oceans. Without the protection of a magnetic field, the atmosphere was stripped away, and the oceans evaporated.

There’s overwhelming evidence that Mars was once wet and warm. Rivers flowed across its surface and carved intricate channel systems revealed by our orbiters. Expansive oceans even larger than Earth’s may have covered a third of its surface.

There’s evidence that Mars was once wet and warm, with rivers flowing across its surface and carving intricate channel systems. Some rivers may have flowed for long enough to create habitable environments. 

Orbiting spacecraft and rovers on the ground have provided evidence of Mars’ rivers and streams. Scientists call the dark ridges of old river beds inverted channels. 

The shape of Mars’ system of smooth valleys looks like a river network. Features in the valleys may be the result of fluvial forces. 

No liquid water is present on the surface of Mars today.

According to a NASA scientist, Mars and Earth formed from the same material when the solar system first formed over four billion years ago. At that time, the two planets looked very similar.

However, the two planets have diverged and are very different today. Mars is now a cold, dry place. As Earth progressed with plate tectonics and the development of life, Mars’ geologic activity subsided, lost water, and it became a much drier planet. 

A NASA-funded study suggests that billions of years ago, when life emerged on Earth, the climate of Mars could have been Earth-like. It may have had a thicker atmosphere than today and oceans of liquid water.

The two worlds diverged, and we have two very different planets today. Despite the fact that Mars may once have been warm and wet, it is now a cold, dry place. As the Earth progressed with plate tectonics and the development of life, Mars’ geologic activity subsided, lost water, and it became a much drier planet

According to the Mars Ocean Hypothesis, Mars had a large ocean around 4 billion years ago. The ocean filled the Vastitas Borealis basin in the planet’s northern hemisphere

The Mars ocean theory states that nearly a third of the surface of Mars was covered by an ocean of liquid water early in the planet’s geologic history. 

Scientists have found conclusive proof that Mars had an ancient ocean billions of years ago. A new study has revealed the shoreline of an ancient ocean on Mars, which is over 900 meters deep in some regions. 

Some scientists suggest that the ancient ocean bed may be an ideal place to go hunting for evidence of past life on the red planet.

Mars lost its oceans about 4 billion years ago. The process is thought to have been driven by the Sun’s UV photons and solar wind after Mars lost its magnetic field. Without the protection of a magnetic field, the atmosphere was stripped away, and the oceans evaporated as water vapor was lost to space. 

Some scientists suggest that greenhouse gases other than carbon dioxide (CO2) may have been the main cause of Mars’s shift from a warm and wet planet to a cold and dry one. 

Today, Mars’s atmosphere is too thin for water to remain liquid. However, water ice is present at both of Mars’s poles. The northern polar ice cap contains the only visible water on the planet, while the southern pole covers its water with a frozen carbon-dioxide cap.

The possibility of liquid water on Mars is still being researched, and the timeline and outcomes are still speculative. However, it’s unlikely that the Sun’s expansion will cause Mars to have liquid water again. 

Here’s some related information about Mars’s water: 

• Where the water went Some studies suggest that 99% of the water that once flowed on Mars is still there, trapped within minerals and salts. 
• Brines Brines can stabilize liquid water at lower temperatures than pure water. This means that liquid water could exist on the surface of Mars through the formation of brines. 
• Geothermal heat Some scientists think that Mars must still be geothermally active to keep the water beneath the ice cap liquid. 
• Ice drilling Some have suggested that a system similar to one demonstrated in Antarctica could be used to drill through the ground and melt the ice. The resulting water could then be pumped back to the surface.

According to NASA, Mars was once a warm, wet planet with blue skies and lakes. The planet had rivers, lakes, and a global ocean. Some scientists believe that Mars may have even had one or more oceans in its northern hemisphere

A high-resolution video from IFLScience depicts the history of Mars over the last 4 billion years. The video opens with a landscape covered in water and white clouds. As the clouds begin to roll, the atmosphere thins out, causing the water to evaporate

Yes, there is evidence of water on Mars: 

• NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) In 2015, NASA’s MRO found signatures of hydrated minerals on slopes with mysterious streaks. This provides the strongest evidence yet that liquid water flows intermittently on present-day Mars. NASA’s Curiosity rover In 2023, NASA’s Curiosity rover found evidence of water on ancient Mars with “rippled textures” and “landslide debris” in the foothills of Mount Sharp. NASA’s Perseverance rover In 2023, NASA’s Perseverance rover found compelling evidence of historical water flow on Mars. Ice-penetrating radar In 2022, scientists used an ice-penetrating radar called MARSIS to see through Mars’ southern ice cap. They found an area at the base of the ice that strongly reflected the radar signal, which was interpreted as an area of liquid water beneath the ice cap. Large underground ice In 2016, NASA reported finding a large amount of underground ice in the Utopia Planitia region of Mars. The volume of water detected has been estimated to be equivalent to the volume of water in Lake Superior. Large rock formations NASA’s MRO and its predecessors found evidence of large rock formations that appeared to be dry riverbeds. Small, round stones The Curiosity rover has observed small, round stones littering a suspected former riverbed in the Gale Crater. Waves and water In 2023, NASA’s Curiosity Mars rover found evidence of waves and water, the clearest proof it has found to date. Many signs of ancient water flow The southern highlands are some of the oldest and most heavily cratered parts of Mars, with many signs of ancient water flow observed here. 

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