The cosmic web is a network of filaments that connect galaxies and provide them with gas for growth and star formation. It dates back to the earliest days of the universe, when the universe was a tiny ball of super-hot energy

According to computer modeling and telescopic observations, the cosmic web had a gauzy texture when the universe was about 2 billion years old. Today, nearly 12 billion years later, it appears clumpy. 

A few hundred million years after the Big Bang, the distribution of matter in the universe produced dense knots at the intersections of the sheets and filaments that make up the cosmic web. These knots had such a high density of ordinary matter that the formation of stars and galaxies became possible. 

According to cosmological simulations, over 60% of the hydrogen created by the Big Bang collapsed to form a sheet, which then broke apart to make the web of cosmic filaments.

They gather together not only into clusters, but into vast interconnected filamentary structures with gigantic barren voids in between. This “cosmic web” started out tenuous and became more distinct over time as gravity drew matter together

According to American Scientist, computer modeling and telescopic observations show that the cosmic web had a gauzy texture when the universe was about 2 billion years old. Today, nearly 12 billion years later, the cosmic web appears clumpy. 

The cosmic web is made up of galaxy filaments, walls, and voids that form web-like structures. Gravity has woven the universe into a cosmic web, starting out tenuous and becoming more distinct over time as gravity drew matter together.

According to the Big Bang theory, the universe began 13.8 billion years ago as a tiny, dense fireball that exploded. The Big Bang model describes the universe’s evolution from one hundredth of a second after the explosion to the present day

The Big Bang theory states that the universe began as an incredibly hot, dense point. After the explosion, space expanded, the universe cooled, and the simplest elements formed. Gravity gradually drew matter together to form the first stars and the first galaxies. 

The most basic elements, such as helium, lithium, and hydrogen, could start to form shortly after the big bang. From these elements, our solar system could form almost 10 billion years after the big bang

Astronomers estimate the age of the universe by looking for the oldest stars and measuring the rate of expansion of the universe. They also extrapolate back to the Big Bang

Astronomers announced in 2020 that the universe is around 13.8 billion years old. This estimate is based on data from the European Space Agency’s Planck spacecraft and the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) in Chile. 

Astronomers also use Hubble’s Law to estimate the age of the universe. Hubble’s Law states that v=H0D, so t=D/v=D/(H0×D)=1/H0. This means that 1/H0 can be used as an estimate for the age of the universe

In 1928, astronomer Edwin Hubblediscovered that the universe is expanding. Hubble’s measurements of galaxies showed that the universe is expanding uniformly, which meant that the universe had a finite age. Hubble first estimated the universe was only 2 billion years old

Hubble’s discovery also revealed that the universe was not static, but rather expanding. This discovery suggested that the universe was apparently born in a Big Bang

The Big Bang theory predicts that the density of matter in the early universe caused the majority of matter to condense into a web of filaments

The cosmic web is made up of dark matter, gas, and galaxies. Dark matter makes up about five-sixths of the mass and provides the scaffolding for the formation of galaxies and galaxy clusters

The cosmic web started out tenuous and became more distinct over time as gravity drew matter together. Gravity holds galaxies, clusters, and filaments together and maps the Cosmic Web into its present shape

Galaxy filaments are the largest known structures in the universe. They are made up of walls of galactic superclusters

The largest known structure in the universe is the Hercules-Corona Borealis Great Wall, which was discovered in 2013. It’s a galactic filament, a huge group of galaxies bound together by gravity, about 10 billion light-years away. It’s so wide that light takes about 10 billion years to move across the entire structure. 

The BOSS Great Wall is a supercluster of galaxies over 1 billion light years across, making it the largest structure observed in the universe so far. 

The Laniakea Supercluster is another large supercluster. Astronomers estimate that it contains around 100,000 galaxies with a total mass about 100 million billion times that of the sun, and stretches for more than 520 million light-years across

What’s beyond the cosmic web?

The cosmos is only so old, and light only travels so fast. So, in the history of the universe, we haven’t received light from every single galaxy. The current width of the observable universe is about 90 billion light-years. And presumably, beyond that boundary, there’s a bunch of other random stars and galaxies

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