THE early universe had small galaxies with oversized black holes.

According to Sky & Telescope, black holes at the centers of small, early galaxies were more massive than expected. 

According to Science News, even the smallest galaxies could have surprisingly large black holes almost as soon as they came into existence. 

According to Harvard, these surprisingly hefty black holes offer new insights into the origins of all supermassive black holes, as well as the earliest stages of their host galaxy’s lives. 

According to Wired, astrophysicist Marta Volonteri and her colleagues are now contending with the influx of giant black holes in the early cosmos. 

According to NASA Science, astronomers believe that supermassive black holes lie at the center of virtually all large galaxies, even our own Milky Way.

New Orleans, LA – Astronomers have discovered that the supermassive black holes in the centers of early galaxies are much more massive than expected. These surprisingly hefty black holes offer new insights into the origins of all supermassive black holes, as well as the earliest stages of their host galaxy’s lives

According to Harvard, astronomers have discovered that the supermassive black holes at the centers of early galaxies are much more massive than expected. These black holes provide new insights into the origins of supermassive black holes and the early stages of their host galaxies’ lives. 

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) observations of the universe 12–13 billion years ago indicate that the black holes at the centers of small, early galaxies were more massive than expected. 

According to Quanta Magazine, big black holes weren’t supposed to exist in little galaxies. Dwarf galaxies seemed to lack the gravitational muscle needed to pack enough mass into one black hole. 

Black holes are stellar corpses that form when massive stars die. Stars whose birth masses are above roughly 8–10 times the mass of our sun, when they exhaust all their fuel, explode and die leaving behind a very compact dense object, a black hole. 

Astronomers believe that supermassive black holes lie at the center of virtually all large galaxies, even our own Milky Way. The black hole at the center of the Milky Way galaxy, called Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*), has a mass equal to about 4.3 million suns.

According to Sky & Telescope, astronomers have discovered that supermassive black holes at the centers of early galaxies are much more massive than expected. 

Astronomers can only infer the existence of supermassive black holes from their gravitational influences on surrounding matter. Observations of the motion of stars and gas around the centers of galaxies show that there is a massive, compact object exerting a strong gravitational pull on the surrounding matter. 

The most massive black hole observed, TON 618, is 66 billion times the mass of the Sun.

Astronomers believe that supermassive black holes grow in size by consuming gas over billions of years. This process is called gas accretion, and it’s the most efficient way for black holes to grow. 

Another possible mechanism for the formation of supermassive black holes is a chain reaction of collisions between stars in compact star clusters. This process results in the buildup of extremely massive stars, which then collapse to form intermediate-mass black holes. 

Scientists also believe that supermassive black holes formed at the same time as the galaxy they are in. The mass of a black hole is proportional to the mass of the host galaxy. For example, a galaxy twice as massive as another would have a black hole that is also twice as massive.

Here are some pieces of evidence that suggest supermassive black holes exist:

• Star orbits The intense gravity of a supermassive black hole can cause stars to orbit it in a specific way. Astronomers have tracked the orbits of stars near the center of the Milky Way to prove it contains a supermassive black hole. 
• Star motion Stars at the center of the Milky Way move very quickly, indicating the presence of a massive object. The entire Milky Way galaxy rotates around a black hole that is 4.6 million times more massive than the sun. 
• Radio source A radio source that emits synchrotron radiation was found to be dense and immobile due to its gravitation. This was the first indication that a supermassive black hole exists in the center of the Milky Way. 
• Star acceleration Astronomers can observe a star accelerating in orbit around an unseen companion. 
• Star distortion Astronomers know there is a black hole when the stars or gas around it are distorted or otherwise changed. 
• Gas cloud orbits Detailed observations of stars and gas clouds very near the centers of galaxies show that they are rapidly orbiting a very massive object that we can’t see. 

The idea of an object in space so massive and dense that light could not escape it has been around for centuries. Most famously, black holes were predicted by Einstein’s theory of general relativity, which showed that when a massive star dies, it leaves behind a small, dense remnant core

Albert Einstein’s theory of general relativity predicted the existence of black holes. The theory states that massive objects like stars can warp space-time, creating a gravitational field that can trap light and matter

According to the theory, a black hole is a region of space where gravity is so strong that nothing can escape. The boundary of this region is called the event horizon, and the center is a singularity

Einstein also predicted that violent events, such as the collision of two black holes, create ripples in space-time known as gravitational waves. 

In 1939, Einstein published a paper that argues that a star collapsing would spin faster and faster, spinning at the speed of light with infinite energy well before the point where it is about to collapse into a black hole. 

In 2019, researchers using the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) captured the first-ever image of a black hole. The image proved Einstein was right about some specific things, namely, that each black hole has a point of no return called an event horizon

In 1965, British mathematician Roger Penrose proved mathematically that black holes are a natural consequence of relativity theory. In 2020, Penrose won the Nobel Prize in physics for his calculations. 

In 1963, mathematician Roy Kerr found a solution to Einstein’s equations that described the spacetime outside a rotating black hole. 

In 1916, German physicist Karl Schwarzschild found a solution to Einstein’s equations that describes what we now know as a black hole. Schwarzschild envisioned a black hole as a spherical volume of warped space surrounding a concentrated mass and completely invisible to the outside world. 

In the 18th century, John Michell and Pierre-Simon Laplace first considered objects whose gravitational fields are too strong for light to escape.

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