According to Nature, two RNA-editing therapies for genetic diseases have recently been approved for clinical trials. 

CRISPR/Cas9 is a genome-editing tool that has been studied for treating many hereditary and acquired illnesses. It is more specific and efficient than other editing approaches. 

Scientists have recently found a related CRISPR system that uses an enzyme called Cas13 to recognize and cut RNA instead of DNA. RNA carries instructions between DNA and the cellular machinery to make proteins. 

CRISPR/Cas9 edits genes by precisely cutting DNA and then harnessing natural DNA repair processes to modify the gene. 

One limitation of CRISPR gene therapy is that it is difficult to deliver the CRISPR/Cas material to mature cells in large numbers. Viral vectors are the most common delivery method, but they are not 100% efficient

RNA editing is considered safer than DNA editing because the changes are temporary and can be reversed. DNA-modifying enzymes create permanent changes that impact 100% of transcribed RNAs. In contrast, RNA editing is transient and can be tuned to edit the desired fraction of RNA molecules within a cell. 

RNA editing can also be more flexible and forgiving than genome editing for clinical uses. Incorrect RNA editing does not affect fetal development because the genome sequence is not affected. Mutated RNAs are also quickly degraded if treatment is discontinued

RNA-editing techniques aim to compensate for harmful mutations by changing the sequence of RNA, allowing normal proteins to be synthesized. RNA editing can also increase the production of beneficial proteins. Unlike CRISPR genome editing, RNA editing doesn’t change genes

RNAi and CRISPR are both techniques for gene silencing. The main difference is that RNAi reduces gene expression at the mRNA level, while CRISPR permanently silences the gene at the DNA level. 

Here are some advantages of RNAi:

• Cost: RNAi is relatively inexpensive. 
• Specificity: RNAi can target anywhere along a transcript. 
• Flexibility: RNAi can inhibit multiple genes simultaneously. 
• Natural process: RNAi is a naturally occurring process. 
• Genetic screens: RNAi can be used for genetic screening in both immortalized cell lines and short-lived primary cells. 
• Targets: RNAi can inhibit all targets, including “non-druggable” targets. 
• Lead compounds: RNAi can rapidly identify and optimize lead compounds. Here are some advantages of CRISPR:
  • Speed: CRISPR can deliver results in days or weeks, while traditional experiments can take months or years. 
  • Simplicity: CRISPR can be applied directly in embryos, reducing the time required to modify target genes. 
  • Accuracy: CRISPR is accurate and customizable. 

Here are some differences between RNAi and Cas13:

• Function RNAi is a regulatory system that controls gene activity by silencing genes. Cas13 is a programmable RNA-guided CRISPR enzyme that can target and knockdown genes without editing the genome. 
• Mechanism RNAi uses an endogenous mechanism to carry out gene knockdown. Cas13 is not endogenous to mammalian cells and is unlikely to disrupt the natural post-transcriptional network in the cell. 
• Target RNAi is limited to cytoplasmic transcripts. Cas13 can also target non-coding nuclear transcripts. 
• Application RNAi is used in medicines to turn off the production of specific genes that cause disease. Cas13 functions as an “adaptive” immune system in bacteria and archaea to fend off invading RNA elements. 

Furthermore, the CRISPR/Cas13 system is not endogenous to mammalian cells and thus is unlikely to disrupt the natural post-transcriptional network in the cell [20]. In contrast, RNAi uses an endogenous mechanism to carry out gene knockdown. The most direct application of Cas13 protein is to induce RNA silencing

RNA editing is considered safer than DNA editing because the changes are temporary and can be reversed. 

RNA editing is reversible and can be used to rewrite gene information. Unlike DNA editing, which is permanent, the effects of RNA editing are transient and are not inherited. 

RNA editing is also simpler than DNA editing. Cells are constantly producing new copies of RNA, so genetic changes introduced into short-lived RNA can be halted or reversed.

RNA editing could open up new therapeutic options for human diseases. 

RNA acts as a messenger that carries instructions between DNA and the cellular machinery to make proteins. RNA modification often changes nucleotide sequences to alter protein production. For example, editing of the pre-mRNA by adenosine or cytidine deaminases can result in single amino acid substitutions to the protein. 

In humans, RNA editing is typically regarded to be non-adaptive. However, there is strong evidence for widespread adenosine-to-inosine (A→I) editing and for a small number of cytidine-to-uridine (C→U) edits

RNA editing is relatively rare, but more recent research suggests that the majority of pre-mRNAs are edited. 

RNA editing is a widespread biological process that occurs in prokaryotes, plants, and animals. However, the patterns and extent of RNA editing differ markedly. 

In mammals, insects, and nematodes, recoding RNA editing is rare. In mammals, RNA editing is relatively rare, but it occurs for the apolipoprotein B gene in humans. 

Until recently, RNA editing was considered relatively rare in human cells, mainly restricted to brain-specific substrates and repetitive regions of the genome. However, recent research suggests that the vast majority of pre-mRNAs are edited. 

Although RNA editing has long been considered a relatively rare processing event, more recent research suggests that the vast majority of pre-mRNAs are edited [6]. Adenosine deamination and the ADAR enzyme family

RNA editing is important for genetic regulation and efficient biological functioning. It allows for the production of alternative protein products from a single gene, which increases genetic plasticity. 

RNA editing is essential for the normal functioning of plant translation and respiration activity. It generates RNA and protein diversity in eukaryotes, and results in specific amino acid substitutions, deletions, and changes in gene expression levels. 

RNA editing can also create or destroy splice sites between introns and exons, and can regulate alternative splice sites. In an A-to-I modification, the inosine is read as a guanosine and has the potential to change the codon and amino acid at that position in the protein product. 

RNA modifications regulate several cellular processes including cell death, proliferation, senescence, differentiation, migration, metabolism, autophagy, the DNA damage response, and liquid-liquid phase separation. 

RNA editing is a molecular process that changes the nucleotide sequence of RNA. This process can occur in different ways, but the result is that the RNA can create a different protein

RNA editing occurs when an enzyme changes a nucleotide in the messenger RNA. This changes the meaning of the codon, which is the triplet nucleotide sequence that corresponds to a specific amino acid. 

RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification that changes the nucleotide sequence of a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) by base insertion. 

RNA editing is one of the most evolutionarily conserved properties of RNAs and occurs in all living organisms. Changes have been observed in tRNA, rRNA, and mRNA molecules of eukaryotes, but not prokaryotes. 

In plants, RNA editing changes C nucleotides to U nucleotides in chloroplasts and mitochondria of flowering plants. In ferns and mosses, it also changes U to C. 

RNA editing is predominantly catalyzed by AID/APOBEC proteins, which are encoded by a family of 10 genes in the human genome.

RNA editing can be divided into two categories: addition and deletion or substitution.

• Addition: New nucleotides are inserted into the original sequence. 
• Substitution: Another type of RNA editing. Substitution editing is the more common type. RNA editing is catalyzed by adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR). ADAR1 catalyzes RNA editing by substituting A with I in RNA sequences. Antisense oligonucleotides are a therapeutic strategy to approach RNA. They are designed to bind to the target RNA by Watson-Crick base pairing. Once bound, they modulate its function through a variety of postbinding events. RNA interference (RNAi) is a technology that uses RNA molecules to control gene expression. It is also referred to as gene silencing. During this process, a complementary RNA to the mRNA being produced by the gene is introduced into the cell. Foot printing is a technique derived from nuclease probing or chemical modification. It is particularly useful in probing the interaction of RNA with proteins. 

Altering the base sequence is known as RNA editing and may change the sequence of the encoded protein when performed on mRNA. Alterations in the base sequence of the mRNA usually changes the codons such that the amino acid sequence is also altered. This alteration is known as RNA editing

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