According to Symmetry, India’s Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) recently reached a milestone in its participation in building the Proton Improvement Plan II project (PIP-II). The milestone was the DAE’s announcement to the US Department of Energy that it was ready to move into the construction phase

The PIP-II is a 215-meter-long particle accelerator at Fermilab. It’s the first US accelerator project to be built with significant contributions from international partners, including India, Italy, France, United Kingdom, and Poland. The project is a large collaboration, with researchers from these countries and the US working on the project. 

The PIP-II project received DOE CD-2 approval in December 2020, CD-3a approval in March 2021, and CD-3 approval in April 2022. Construction of the cryogenic plant building was completed in December 2022, and work began on the Linac Complex in January 2023. 

According to Symmetry, India’s Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) hit a milestone in its participation in building a 215m-long particle accelerator known as the Proton Improvement Plan II project (PIP-II) by informing the US Department of Energy recently that it is all set to move into the construction phase

India has three particle accelerators, including one that houses a synchrotron. The largest accelerator is Indus, located in Indore, which is a 2.5 GeV accelerator

Other particle accelerators in India include:

• 5.5 MV Van de Graaff accelerator: Installed at the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) in Mumbai in the 1960s 
• 2.5 MV Van de Graaff accelerator: Installed at IIT, Kanpur in the 1960s 
• Low energy (5 MeV protons) cyclotron: Installed at Punjab University, Chandigarh in the 1960s 
• Pelletron accelerator: A collaboration between TIFR and BARC that has been used for heavy ion accelerator based research since 1988 
• 8 MeV microtron accelerator: Built and installed at the University of Poona in 1980 According to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), more than 30,000 particle accelerators are in use around the world. More than 97% of these are used for commercial purposes, such as manufacturing semiconductors.

Thus, four major accelerators centres evolved in the country by the end of 1980s. These are the Variable Energy Cyclotron Centre (VECC), Kol- kata, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology (RRCAT), Indore, Inter-University Accelerator Centre (IUAC), New Delhi and BARC–TIFR Pelletron Facility (at TIFR), Mumbai

Here are some other countries that have particle accelerators:

• Australia The Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation 
• Austria The Johannes Kepler Universität and the VERA – Vienna Environmental Research Accelerator 
• Bangladesh The Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission 
• China 15 tandem accelerators have been set up in China since 1981 
• Germany The Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), which is located in Hamburg and is funded by the German federal government and the city of Hamburg 
• Switzerland The Large Hadron Collider (LHC), which is the biggest and most powerful particle accelerator in the world. The LHC is located at the European particle physics laboratory CERN, on the Franco-Swiss border near Geneva. 
• United States The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. The SNS uses a linear particle accelerator to provide the most intense pulsed neutron beams in the world for scientific research

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world’s largest and most powerful particle accelerator. It’s located at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) on the Franco-Swiss border near Geneva, Switzerland

The LHC is 17 miles (27 kilometers) in circumference and sits in a tunnel 100 meters underground. It accelerates protons to high speeds and collides them together, allowing scientists to study the fundamental particles and forces that make up our universe. The LHC began operation in 2008 and has made numerous significant discoveries in the field of particle physics

The fastest particles in a particle accelerator are protons in the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). These protons travel at 99.999999% the speed of light, which is about 1 billion kilometers per hour

Here are some other fast particles in particle accelerators:

• Fermilab proton: 980 GeV, 0.99999954c, 299,792,320 m/s 
• LEP electron: 104.5 GeV, 0.999999999988c, 299,792,457.9964 m/s Light is the fastest known particle, traveling at 299,792,458 meters per second in a vacuum. Cosmic rays are high-energy particles that travel through space at nearly the speed of light. However, only massless particles, like photons, can travel at the speed of light. It’s impossible to accelerate any material object up to the speed of light because it would take an infinite amount of energy to do so. Physicists believe that faster-than-light particles cannot exist because they are inconsistent with the known laws of physics. 

A particle beam is a stream of charged or neutral particles. In particle accelerators, these particles can move at speeds close to the speed of light

The speed of light in a vacuum is a universal physical constant that is exactly equal to 299,792,458 meters per second. This constant is important in many areas of physics, and the length of the meter is defined from it and the international standard for time. 

According to Einstein’s theory of relativity, no particle that has mass can travel as fast as the speed of light. However, particle accelerators not only accelerate particles, but also make them more massive

Particle accelerators can be used to accelerate charged particles, such as protons, atomic nuclei, and electrons, to speeds close to the speed of light. The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is the world’s largest and most powerful particle accelerator, with a circumference of 27 kilometers. It can accelerate two beams of protons to an energy of 6.5 TeV (tera-electronvolts) and cause them to collide head-on, creating center-of-mass energies of 13 TeV.

The LHC consumes 600 GWh of electricity per year, with a peak of 650 GWh. The projected annual power usage for Run 2 is 750 GWh

When a particle accelerates, it gains kinetic energy. This means that the mass of the moving body must increase to balance the equation

Einstein’s theory of special relativity states that as objects get faster, they get heavier. This means that if particles travel close to the speed of light, their mass will increase. 

Here are some other things that happen when particles accelerate:

• Increased mass 
• Time dilation 
• Faster particles experience slower time Particle accelerators propel charged particles, such as protons or electrons, at high speeds, close to the speed of light. They are then smashed either onto a target or against other particles circulating in the opposite direction. Physicists are able to probe the world of the infinitely small by studying these collisions. 

Accelerated to a speed close to that of light, they collide with other protons. These collisions produce massive particles, such as the Higgs boson or the top quark. By measuring their properties, scientists increase our understanding of matter and of the origins of the Universe

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