According to a genetic study published in March 2024, modern Indians have 1-2% Neanderthal ancestry, and 0.1-0.2% Denisovan ancestry. The study also found that the Neanderthal and Denisovan segments of DNA sequences in Indians have more variation than in any other population group
The study also found that:
- 90.7% of worldwide Neanderthal sequences are found in India
- 11.7% of DNA sequences are uniquely India-specific Neanderthal sequences
- 90% of all known Neanderthal genes that have entered human populations are found in India Researchers propose two possible explanations for these findings:
- Ancient humans encountered a large, diverse population of Neanderthals and Denisovans in India
- Most Indian groups descend from a mixture of two genetically divergent populations
However, the real surprise lies in the sheer variety of these archaic genes found in Indians. The study recovered a staggering 90% of all known Neanderthal genes that have entered human populations, significantly more than similar studies conducted elsewhere
East Asians have the most Neanderthal DNA, with 2.3–2.6% of their DNA belonging to Neanderthals. Western Europeans have 1.8–2.4%, and Africans have 0%. However, a 2020 article in National Geographic suggests that modern Africans and Europeans have more Neanderthal ancestry than previously thought. The article states that modern Africans carry about a third of the amount of Neanderthal base pairs as Europeans and Asians.
Generally speaking, Eurasians have the most Neanderthal DNA. When Homo sapiens left Africa and moved into Europe and western Asia, there were still Neanderthals there, and they interbred
About 20% of Neanderthal DNA survives in modern humans, but the amount can range from less than 1% to over 2% depending on heritage. Some countries and backgrounds have a maximum of 3% per human
According to a 2015 study, modern humans who lived about 40,000 years ago have been found to have up to 6-9%Neanderthal DNA.
The difference between the total genome and these specific regions/sites can lead to some confusion. In terms of the total genome, humans and chimpanzees are 98-99% similar. Yet, it is possible for individuals to have up to 4%Neanderthal DNA
According to typeset.io, Neanderthals are more closely related to modern East Asians than to modern Europeans
Denisovans are also close relatives of Neanderthals and modern humans. They likely diverged from these lineages around 300,000 to 400,000 years ago.
According to the Natural History Museum, Neanderthals and Denisovans are our closest ancient human relatives. Scientific evidence suggests that our two species shared a common ancestor
Asian people
Together with an Asian people known as Denisovans, Neanderthals are our closest ancient human relatives. Scientific evidence suggests our two species shared a common ancestor. Current evidence from both fossils and DNA suggests that Neanderthal and modern human lineages separated at least 500,000 years ago.
A genetic study published in March 2024 suggests that 1–2% of modern Indian ancestry comes from Neanderthals and Denisovans. The study also found that 50% of Neanderthal genome and 20% of Denisovan genome have entered the Indian gene pool
The study also found that the Neanderthal DNA in Indian genomes includes more than 90% of known Neanderthal gene sequences, which is more than any other modern population that has been studied before.
The study also found that the frequency of this gene variant is 49.5% in Gujaratis, and 48% in the Telugu population
Moorjani told TOI, “We found that 1-2% of Indian ancestry comes from ancient humans such as Neanderthals and Denisovans. By studying modern Indian DNA, we recovered about 50% of the Neanderthal genome and 20% of the Denisovan genome that entered the Indian gene pool long ago
According to the Smithsonian’s Human Origins Program, up to 4–6% of non-African modern human populations have Denisovan DNA. This DNA is most concentrated in people from Papua New Guinea and Oceania
Denisovans interbred with modern humans, with a high percentage (roughly 5%) occurring in Melanesians, Aboriginal Australians, and Filipino Negritos.
The percentage of Denisovan DNA is highest in the Melanesian population (4 to 6 percent), lower in other Southeast Asian and Pacific Islander populations, and very low or undetectable elsewhere in the world.
Central and South American people have Denisovan DNA in their genomes, with estimates ranging from 0.01 to 0.1 percent.
The most populous country in the world, India, has long been left out of genetic studies, leaving a massive gap in our understanding of human origins and appreciation of the genetic diversity of our species
A new study diving 50,000 years into the past by analyzing thousands of genomes has sought to change that, revealing several surprising threads in the rich tapestry of modern India’s ancestry.
University of California Berkley population geneticist Elise Kerdoncuff and colleagues sequenced the DNA of 2,762 peple from India, including individuals from most geographic regions, in both rural and urban areas, and speakers of all major languages, and tribal and caste groups, to capture the extraordinary diversity of the country.
Previous research has shown most Indians derive ancestry from three ancestral groups: descendants of ancient Iranian farmers, who arrived on the Indian subcontinent sometime between 4700 and 3000 BCE; herders from the Eurasian steppe region who moved into India after 3000 BCE; and indigenous South Asian hunter-gatherers who had been there much longer
Kerdoncuff and colleagues found that ancestry to those three groups varied widely among modern Indian individuals, yet clear patterns emerged.
The proportion of people’s ancestry associated with Andamanese hunter-gatherers, for example, was highest in the south and lowest in the north of India, and higher in certain language and caste groups.
“This highlights that the ancient admixture events are related to the spread of languages and the history of the traditional caste system in India,” Kerdoncuff and colleagues write
Societies were far more connected in deep time than most have given them credit for,” Michael Frachetti, an archaeologist at Washington University in St. Louis who was not involved in the work, told journalist Michael Price at Science.
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