Astronauts on the International Space Station (ISS) sleep in special bags secured to their crew quarters, and experience 16 sunrises and sunsets every day due to their high orbital velocity of 17,500 miles per hour. The ISS follows Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) to maintain a consistent schedule, which can help astronauts maintain a natural circadian rhythm. However, the space station’s unique routine can disrupt the internal body clock, which is closely linked to core body temperature, metabolism, and the sleep cycle. To help with this, astronauts use artificial light to guide their circadian rhythms. For example, some lights glow red to simulate a calming sunset, and blue to evoke the colors of a morning sky.

Astronauts sleep in small rooms, about the size of a shower stall, and lie in a sleeping bag strapped to the wall. Some astronauts have reported having nightmares and dreams, and snoring while sleeping in space

The Space Station follows Greenwich Mean Time, which helps keep a consistent schedule, along with regular wake-up and bedtime routines,” 

Astronauts on the ISS are scheduled to sleep for eight to 8.5 hours, but some report only needing about six hours to feel fully rested. The ISS has three lighting settings that change the brightness and color of the lights to help astronauts’ circadian rhythms. The lights are dimmed for 8.5 hours of sleep time, but are not turned off completely in case of emergency

Astronauts train their minds and bodies to maintain a 24-hour circadian rhythm to ensure optimal mental functioning and sleep quality. They have a schedule that includes sleep and wake times, lighting instructions, diet, exercise, and other information to keep their sleep on track

The average mission length for an astronaut on the International Space Station (ISS) is six months, or 182 days. However, the length of an astronaut’s mission is usually decided by the space agency that they work for, and the amount of time varies based on their mission. For example, some astronauts have stayed for as long as 340 days to see how microgravity affects the human body during an extended stay in space. The longest space mission on record was 437 days long, and it was completed by Russian cosmonaut Valeri Polyakov in 1994

Astronauts on the ISS often spend six to 12 months in space, orbiting Earth. The station crew’s main purpose is to conduct research, take part in medical experiments and maintain the station

The time it takes to get to the International Space Station (ISS) depends on the spacecraft and mission profile, and can take anywhere from six hours to three days. For example, a Russian Soyuz can take 6 to 48 hours to reach the ISS, depending on the station’s position in orbit and launch procedures. Modern spacecraft like the Russian Soyuz or SpaceX’s Crew Dragon can reach the ISS in about six hours from launch to docking, thanks to carefully timed orbital maneuvers

The International Space Station (ISS) orbits Earth at an average altitude of 248 miles (400 kilometers) above the surface. This is similar to the distance between Washington, DC, and New York, NY. The ISS orbits at a 51.6-degree inclination around Earth, which covers 90 percent of the populated area of Earth

The ISS travels at an average of 8 kilometers per second (17,900 mph) to maintain its orbit, which takes roughly 93 minutes, completing 15.5 orbits per day. The ISS is easy to see and track from Earth because it reflects sunlight and appears as a bright white pinpoint of light in the sky. You can track the space station’s path near you at spotthestation.nasa.gov

You can see the ISS with the naked eye from most locations on Earth with clear night skies. It’s the third brightest object in the sky, and can sometimes be seen from the middle of a city. The ISS looks like a bright star moving quickly across the sky, and can appear as a dot in the night sky. It’s the size of a six-bedroom house, and reflects sunlight like an airplane

To see the ISS, you can:

• Check a website or app to see if the ISS will be visible 
• Use a weather app to check the forecast 
• Choose your observing site carefully 
• Sign up for a NASA service to be notified of when the Station will be visible overhead 
• Watch live video from cameras on board the orbiting laboratory The ISS is visible from most locations on Earth with clear night skies. The ISS looks like a bright star moving quickly across the sky, and can appear as a dot in the night sky. It’s the third brightest object in the sky, and can sometimes be seen from the middle of a city.

Astronauts on the ISS wake up at 6 AM Greenwich Time (UTC). They are woken by an alarm and dressed in disposable clothes. The ISS uses lights that are set at a high brightness to simulate daytime during the initial hours of the day. When astronauts are involved in more challenging tasks, the lights emit bluer wavelengths to improve alertness

Astronauts on the ISS typically work 12 hours a day, performing experiments, maintenance, and exercises. They also clean, check equipment, and replace broken equipment. The ISS is Earth’s only microgravity laboratory, and astronauts must exercise two hours a day to stay fit and prevent muscle and bone loss. They also practice riding in special vehicles that bring supplies like food and fuel to the ISS

Astronauts also have free time, which they use for personal activities, communication with family, or leisure like reading and watching Earth. They can play games or cards, read books, play an instrument, listen to music or watch movies, chat with their families, and more. 

There’s lots of work to operate the many science experiments on board. The crew also has to make sure that the station is in top shape, so they clean, check equipment, maintain and repair or replace broken equipment. Crew members also must exercise two hours each day to stay fit and keep their bones and muscles strong

Astronauts on the ISS experience many challenges, including:

• Radiation Astronauts are exposed to 10 times the amount of radiation as on Earth, which can damage their immune system, cells, and DNA. They wear dosimeters to monitor their radiation levels, and they can’t continue working in space once they reach certain levels. 
• Space sickness Symptoms include headaches, nausea, and vomiting. 
• Fluid shift Gravity pulls blood and other bodily fluids into the lower body, causing fluids to accumulate in the upper body and swell the face. 
• Weakened bones and muscles Gravity always acts on you while you’re on earth, so you’re always using the muscles of your lower body. In space, where gravity is very weak, posture can be maintained without standing on your legs. 
• Blood flow and clot problems In November 2019, researchers reported that astronauts experienced serious blood flow and clot problems while on board the ISS. 
• Weight loss A NASA astronaut returned from a record-breaking 371 days in space onboard the ISS, and the trip may have altered his muscles, brain and even the bacteria living in his gut

Astronauts on the ISS spend their free time in a variety of ways, including:

• Hobbies: Some astronauts enjoy hobbies like drawing, photography, and HAM radio. 
• Watching the Earth: Many astronauts enjoy seeing the Earth from the windows of the ISS. 
• Listening to music: Astronauts can listen to music. 
• Reading books: Astronauts can read their favorite books. 
• Watching movies: Astronauts can watch DVD movies. 
• Staying in touch: Astronauts can talk to friends and family members via email, videoconference, or the internet. 
• Exercising: Astronauts spend at least two hours on exercise, including cardio using a treadmill or bike, or weight lifting. 
• Taking pictures: Some astronauts enjoy taking pictures of the Earth from the windows of the ISS.

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