According to a recent article in the Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, aliens may be trapped on their home planets due to two sets of conditions

Elio Quiroga, a professor at the Universidad del Atlántico Medio in Spain, introduced the ideas of the “Exoplanet Escape Factor and the Fishbowl Worlds”. These ideas could keep us from ever meeting certain interstellar neighbors. 

However, some researchers believe the Oort cloud is made up of a collection of smaller icy objects. Due to the size and distance of the Oort cloud, it may be impossible to know what’s out there

Elio Quiroga, a professor at the Universidad del Atlántico Medio in Spain, proposes that two peculiar sets of conditions could be trapping aliens on their home planets. Quiroga introduces the “Exoplanet Escape Factor and the Fishbowl Worlds” as ideas that could keep us apart from certain interstellar neighbors forever

With thousands of exoplanets discovered so far, astronomers are learning how different planets can be. What if intelligent alien civilizations arise on extremely different habitable worlds? Some civilizations could develop space exploration technologies, but others would be trapped underwater, under ice, or in enormous gravity wells. How could they escape

The search for extraterrestrial intelligence on exoplanets is a rich field of conceptual exploration. Author introduces two definitions that could help to narrow down the possibilities that an extraterrestrial civilization may or may not have initiated exploration of its own star system and beyond. It is concluded that in some cases certain extraterrestrial civilizations may not be able to leave their home worlds before their biological extinction, purely because of physical limitations

Planets of different masses have different escape velocities. Earth’s escape velocity is 11.2 km/s (kilometres per second), which is more than 40,000 km/h. The escape velocity is for ballistic objects without propulsion, so our rockets don’t actually travel 40,000 km/h. But the escape velocity is useful for comparing different planets because it’s independent of the vehicle used and its propulsion

It could, therefore, be the case that an intelligent species on these planets would never be able to travel into space due to sheer physical impossibility,” Quiroga writes. In fact, they may never conceive of the idea of any type of space travel at all. Who knows

In his research article, Quiroga invites us to be speculative with a nod to science fiction. Imagine an ocean world that’s home to an intelligent species. In a fluid environment, unaided communication travels much further than in an atmosphere like Earth’s. Unaided signals could travel for hundreds of kilometres. In an environment like that, “… communication between individuals could be feasible without the need for communication devices,” Quiroga explains. So, the impetus to develop communication technologies might not be there. In that case, Quiroga says, the technology may not have developed and the civilization might not be considered “communicative” at all, one of the keys to the definition of an ETI.

Telecommunications technology might never emerge on such a world, even though it could be home to a fully developed civilization,” Quiroga writes. “Such a civilization would not be “communicative” and would not be contemplated in the Drake equation

Ocean worlds present a similar conundrum. On ocean worlds or moons with warm oceans and frozen ice shells kilometres thick, any inhabitants would have extremely limited views of the Universe they inhabit. It’s difficult to imagine a technological civilization arising in an ocean under several kilometres of ice. But we’re in no position to judge whether that’s possible or not

The biologist Carl Sagan was often asked whether he thought we had been visited by aliens; on one occasion I was in the audience when he said something like this:

Earth is a very small planet in a minor solar system situated in a sparsely populated arm of a minor spiral galaxy a great distance from the centre of its universe. He went on to say that perhaps we have not been contacted by another civilisation simply because of cosmic geography – searching in our direction seems a waste of time because all ‘they’ see is pretty much empty space and our radio emissions hadn’t yet reached them. From their point of view there are many more closer, more promising, places to explore.

When I was a kid, I read a comic book where space rockets were mysteriously blowing up when they got a certain distance from Earth. So the government sent up an astronaut to take a look. He found that Earth was surrounded by a shell through which the stars were shining and wore out several “atomic drill bits” trying to cut through. The comic concluded that we were all trapped on Earth like fish in a fishbowl

Way to find that the fishbowl concept is right our ocean worlds missions could help

The Ocean Worlds Exploration Program (OWEP) is supporting two missions to explore ocean worlds:

• Europa Clipper The first mission to launch in 2024, this orbiter will explore Jupiter’s icy moon Europa, which is expected to arrive in 2030. The spacecraft will analyze chemicals in frozen water and may be able to sample water plumes. The mission will determine if Europa has conditions suitable for life, which could help us understand the prospects for life on other ocean worlds. 
• Dragonfly This rotorcraft lander mission will explore Titan, Saturn’s largest moon, which is an icy satellite with a water-ice crust and a deep interior liquid water ocean. 

The OWEP is also supporting concept studies for a proposed Europa Lander and a mission to explore the moon Triton with Trident

NASA’s mission to Europa Clipper could detect alien life as early as 2030, according to a study that shows spacecraft instruments can detect a single living cell in an ice grain. The mission includes a metal plate engraved with a poem, tribute to scientists, and waveforms representing the word “water” in 103 languages

NASA astrobiologist Kevin Hand says that oceans are the first step to finding alien life because they may contain a large amount of liquid water, where life is generally found. Europa, Jupiter’s icy moon, has an icy surface that hides an ocean of liquid water. Other conditions that life flourishes in include a source of energy, the presence of certain chemical compounds, and temperatures that allow liquid water to exist. 

NASA is also developing a cryobot, a long, cylindrical structure that could be used to search for life by drilling through the icy crusts of Europa and Enceladus

Is NASA preparing to explore alien worlds?

NASA is preparing to explore alien worlds—by investigating Earth’s dark corners. Three future missions are headed to faraway moons Europa, Enceladus, and Titan to search for life. To help, scientists are testing their techniques here in our backyard

Scientists believe that Jupiter’s moon Europa has a subsurface ocean of liquid water that could support life

Europa’s ocean could have twice the amount of water as Earth’s oceans combined. The icy crust that covers Europa’s ocean is thought to be 10 to 30 kilometers thick, protecting the ocean from Jupiter’s radiation belts. 

Scientists believe that Europa has all three ingredients for life: liquid water, chemistry, and energy. 

Europa’s internal heat could be the energy source that keeps the ocean from freezing. Hot water vents on the ocean floor could provide energy and nutrients from the planet’s interior. 

However, subsurface oceans like Europa’s are expected to lack nutrients because they are so isolated. Without sunlight to power photosynthesis, these bodies of water could be devoid of life. However, nutrients could accumulate on the ocean’s icy roof over hundreds of millions of years and be transported to the depths below. 

NASA’s Europa Clipper is searching for life on ocean world

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