These processes would have led to the appearance of global noctilucent clouds in the mesosphere. They would not have been permanent but may have blocked 7% of sunlight from reaching Earth, plunging our planet into an ice age.

What happens in an interstellar cloud?

Interstellar clouds refer to large entities in the galaxy, with masses up to 10^6 solar masses, that can have a lifetime of more than 10^8 years. These clouds are believed to be dissipated by pressure from stars formed within them, and over time, they transform into stars

How cold are interstellar clouds?

Most of these clouds are cold but still relatively low in density, which means hydrogen atoms don’t meet up to form molecules. The densest interstellar clouds are the molecular clouds. Molecular clouds are very dense by ISM standards, and very cold: only about 10º above absolute zero

What happens to Earth in interstellar?(movie)

Earth is completely devoid of plant life, with little to no oxygen available. Vast, barren plains, bare mountains, abandoned cities and towns, and lifeless oceans. With no trees to slow down the wind, dust storms blow fiercely, and are strong enough to demolish abandoned houses.

Interstellar clouds are vast regions of gas and dust that flat between the stars inside galaxies. They are mostly made up of hydrogen along with a little helium and trace elements of heavier elements. They are a key part of the life circle of stars providing the materials for new stars to be formed and are seeded with elements after stars die. The clouds vary significantly in size, density and location and are an important part of the evolution of the Galaxy.

Earth’s journey around the Galaxy is not for the impatient for it takes about 250 million years to complete one full orbit at a speed of 828,000 kilometres per hour. Currently the Solar System is located in the Orion Arm, one of the spiral arms of our Galaxy. During the journey, Earth travels through different regions, encountering stars and different densities of the interstellar medium. It experiences gravitational interactions with nearby stars and nebula sometimes exerting  subtle interactions. Regardless of the immense journey, the stars of our Galaxy remain relatively unchanged over a human lifetime. 

When light passes through an interstellar dust cloud What happens to the light?

Scattering of Light by Dust: Interstellar dust scatters blue light more efficiently than red light, thereby making distant stars appear redder and giving clouds of dust near stars a bluish hue. Here, a red ray of light from a star comes straight through to the observer, whereas a blue ray is shown scattering

While we’ve never directly observed the Earth passing through an interstellar cloud, scientists have theorized about the potential effects. Here’s a breakdown of what might happen:

1. Shielding from Cosmic Rays:

• Heliosphere: Our solar system is surrounded by a protective bubble called the heliosphere, which is generated by the Sun’s solar wind.
• Cloud Compression: An interstellar cloud could compress the heliosphere, allowing more cosmic rays to reach Earth. These high-energy particles can affect the atmosphere and potentially disrupt climate patterns.

1. Atmospheric Changes:

• Increased Hydrogen: Interstellar clouds are rich in hydrogen. This could lead to an increase in hydrogen in Earth’s upper atmosphere, potentially affecting the ozone layer and climate.
• Temperature Changes: The increased cosmic rays and potential atmospheric changes could lead to temperature fluctuations, potentially triggering ice ages or other climate shifts.

1. Biological Impacts:

• Genetic Mutations: Increased cosmic radiation could lead to genetic mutations in organisms, potentially affecting evolution and biodiversity.
  It’s important to note that these are just theories. The actual effects of Earth passing through an interstellar cloud would depend on the specific properties of the cloud, its density, and its composition.
  Recent research has suggested that the Earth may have passed through a dense interstellar cloud around 2 million years ago, which could have contributed to the onset of the Ice Age. However, more research is needed to confirm this hypothesis.
  

Earth 🌍 and sun are moving to the centre of galaxy 🌌

That’s correct! The Sun, and consequently Earth, are indeed moving towards the center of the Milky Way galaxy. Our solar system is orbiting the galactic center, much like a planet orbits a star.
This orbit is a result of the gravitational pull exerted by the massive black hole at the galaxy’s core. While the journey is slow, taking hundreds of millions of years to complete one orbit, it’s a constant motion that shapes our cosmic environment.

What are interstellar clouds

Interstellar clouds are vast regions of gas and dust that exist between stars within a galaxy. They are the building blocks of stars and planets. These clouds are composed primarily of hydrogen and helium, but they also contain smaller amounts of other elements.
Key characteristics of interstellar clouds:

• Density: They can vary greatly in density, from diffuse clouds to dense molecular clouds.
• Temperature: Their temperatures also range widely, from very cold to relatively warm.
• Composition: In addition to hydrogen and helium, they contain other elements, including carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and heavier elements.
• Formation: Interstellar clouds form through various processes, such as supernova explosions and gravitational instabilities within galaxies.
  Types of interstellar clouds:
• Diffuse clouds: These are low-density clouds that are often associated with supernova remnants.
• Molecular clouds: These are dense clouds where molecules, including water, carbon monoxide, and ammonia, can form.
• H II regions: These are regions of ionized hydrogen gas that are often found near hot, young stars.
  Interstellar clouds play a crucial role in the formation of stars and planets. When a cloud becomes sufficiently dense and cold, it can collapse under its own gravity, forming a star. The remaining material can then form planets, asteroids, and comets.

A team of astronomers let by Jess A. Miller from the Department of Astronomy of Boston University have traced the path of the Sun back through time. In doing so, they have identified two occasions when the Earth and Solar System passed through two dense interstellar clouds. One of the crossings occurred 2 million years ago, the other 7 million years ago. Exploring the properties of the clouds, the team assert that the clouds are dense enough that they could compress the solar wind to inside the orbit of Earth. 

The Solar Wind is a constant stream of charged particles, mostly electrons and protons that are emitted from the upper layer of the Sun’s atmosphere, the corona. The particles travel through the Solar System at speeds between 400 and 800 kilometres per second. The edge of our Solar System is defined as the point where the solar wind merges with the interstellar medium.

An interstellar cloud may have caused an ice age on Earth. Here’s how

Scientists believe Earth may have briefly lost protection from the sun around two million years ago, left to endure the extreme environment of interstellar space as the solar system passed through a dense cloud of gas and dust between stars.

At that time, early human ancestorsshared our planet with prehistoric animals like mastodons and sabretooth tigers. It’s also when Earth was in the midst of the ice age that ended only around 12,000 years ago. Ice ages are brought about by a range of factors, including our planet’s tilt and rotation, carbon dioxide levels in its atmosphere, and shifting plate tectonics and volcanic eruptions at its surface. However, given the timing of when scientists think Earth plunged through interstellar space, this research suggests radical changes in our planet’s climate, like the onset and ending of ice ages, could also be influenced by the position of our solar system in our home galaxy

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