Recent scientific research, published in Nature Ecology & Evolution, has uncovered a “universal rule” that governs the organization of biodiversity across Earth’s ecosystems. This rule is called “core-to-transition organization.”
Here’s a breakdown of what this means:

• Biodiversity Hubs: In every biogeographical region (like a rainforest, desert, or coral reef), there’s a central “core” area where the vast majority of species reside. This core acts as a hub of biodiversity.
• Declining Diversity Outward: As you move away from this central core into the surrounding zones, the number of species gradually decreases. Fewer and fewer species are able to survive in these more peripheral or transitional environments.
• Environmental Filtering: The study suggests that this pattern is largely due to “environmental filtering.” This means that only species that can tolerate specific local conditions (such as temperature, rainfall, or soil type) are able to establish themselves and thrive in a given area. The core areas likely offer optimal conditions, while the surrounding zones become progressively more challenging.
• Consistent Pattern: What’s remarkable is the consistency of this pattern across diverse species groups (from amphibians and reptiles to trees and marine rays) and various ecosystems. It suggests a fundamental principle at play in how life organizes itself on Earth.
  This discovery has significant implications for conservation efforts, as it highlights the critical importance of protecting these biodiverse core zones. It also provides a valuable tool for anticipating the effects of climate change and directing conservation strategies more effectively.

The earth ( our home)

The Earth is home to incredibly remarkable and diverse biomes that host millions of species worldwide. (George Lucas managed to create an entire galaxy far, far away for Star Wars using just the natural wonders mostly found in the state of California.) Although life appears relatively well-distributed across countries and continents—barring Antarctica, of course—a new study suggests that biodiversity isn’t so much an evenly distributed blanket across the planet as it is a “core-to-transition” organization.

An international team of scientists from Sweden, Spain, and the U.K. examined the global distribution maps of species across a variety of limbs on the tree of life, including amphibians, birds, dragonflies, mammals, marine rays, reptiles, and even trees. Because of this vast swath of differing types of life, the researchers expected that species distribution would vary wildly due to environmental and historical factors.

However, what they discovered is that life all around the world proliferates through a very similar process. First, there is a core area where life appears to flourish, and from there, species tend to radiate outward—hence “core-to-transition” organization

In every bioregion, there is always a core area where most species live,” Rubén Bernardo-Madrid, a co-author of the study from Umeå University, said in a press statement. “From that core, species expand into surrounding areas, but only a subset manages to persist. It seems these cores provide optimal conditions for species survival and diversification, acting as a source from which biodiversity radiates outward.”

These “core” regions are immensely important, as they only cover about 30 percent of the world’s surface but contain more biodiversity than the other 70 percent. These regions likely evolved because they were originally refuges from the devistation brought on by past climatic events, such as the Last Glacial Maximum. The study also shows that overall species must be well adapted for heat and drought to colonize new areas beyond these core bioregions.

Our core-to-transition hypothesis and results,” the authors wrote, “show that global variations in species richness can be better understood by unravelling the genesis of regional hotspots and the subsequent filtering of species to the rest of the biogeographical region.

Can a alien life be similar to earth

It’s a fascinating question, and the answer is: very possibly, yes, alien life could be similar to Earth life in many fundamental ways.
While popular culture often depicts aliens as vastly different, scientific reasoning suggests that certain universal principles of physics, chemistry, and evolution might lead to convergent forms and functions across the cosmos. Here’s why:

1. Universal Laws of Physics and Chemistry:

• Building Blocks: The most common elements in the universe are hydrogen, helium, oxygen, and carbon. Carbon is exceptional in its ability to form long, complex chains, making it the ideal backbone for complex molecules. Water (H2O) is an incredibly versatile solvent, crucial for chemical reactions and transporting nutrients, and it’s also abundant. Therefore, carbon-based life forms using liquid water as a solvent are widely considered the most probable.
• Energy Acquisition: All life needs energy. Whether it’s from a star (like photosynthesis on Earth) or from chemical reactions (like chemosynthesis at hydrothermal vents), the fundamental processes of converting energy into usable forms are likely to follow thermodynamic principles.
• Self-Organization and Reproduction: Life is an ordered system that can sustain itself against disorder (entropy) and reproduce. This requires some form of information storage (like DNA or RNA) and a mechanism to carry out those instructions (like proteins). While the specific molecules might differ, the concept of a self-replicating information system is likely universal.

1. Principles of Evolution and Natural Selection:

• Adaptation: Whatever the environment, life will adapt to it. This means that if an alien planet has a similar environment to Earth (e.g., a liquid water ocean, a solid surface, a star providing light), then similar “solutions” to biological challenges might evolve.
• Convergent Evolution: On Earth, we see convergent evolution constantly. For example, wings have evolved independently multiple times (in birds, bats, insects), and eyes have also evolved in many different lineages. This suggests that certain optimal designs for sensing, movement, or feeding might re-emerge on different planets if the environmental pressures are similar.
• Body Plans: While the specifics would vary, certain general body plans might be common. For instance:
• Symmetry: Bilateral symmetry (left/right halves) is common on Earth for mobile creatures, as it’s efficient for directional movement. This could be a recurring feature.
• Appendages: Limbs for locomotion, or tentacles for manipulation, could be common solutions to interacting with a physical environment.
• Sensory Organs: Eyes, ears, and other sensory organs are crucial for interacting with the environment, and while their specific forms might vary greatly, the function of detecting light, sound, or chemicals would be universal.

1. Environmental Factors:

• Habitable Zone: Planets within a star’s “habitable zone” (where liquid water can exist) are the most likely places to find life. If the conditions are somewhat similar to Earth’s in terms of temperature, atmospheric pressure, and available resources, then the resulting life forms might share some parallels.
• Plate Tectonics: Plate tectonics on Earth is thought to be crucial for long-term climate regulation and the cycling of elements. If another planet has similar geological activity, it might also have a stable environment conducive to complex life.
• Presence of a Large Moon and Magnetic Field: Earth’s large moon helps stabilize its axial tilt, preventing extreme climate swings, and its magnetic field protects against harmful stellar radiation. Planets with similar features might have an easier time developing and sustaining complex life.
  Where Differences Could Arise:
  Of course, alien life would almost certainly have significant differences:
• Alternative Biochemistries: While carbon and water are strong contenders, scientists have speculated about other possibilities, like silicon-based life or life using different solvents (though these are generally considered less likely due to the unique properties of carbon and water).
• Genetic Material: While the concept of genetic information is key, the specific molecules used for information storage (e.g., different nucleic acids than DNA/RNA) could be different.
• Energy Sources: The specific type of star or the planet’s internal heat could lead to different energy acquisition strategies.
• Atmospheric Composition: A different atmospheric composition could lead to different respiratory or photosynthetic processes, potentially affecting color, metabolism, and even the appearance of life.
• Gravity: Different gravitational forces would impact the size, structure, and locomotion of organisms.
• Evolutionary History: Even with similar starting conditions, the random nature of mutations and environmental events would lead to unique evolutionary paths and a vast array of species.
  In conclusion, while the specific manifestations of alien life would undoubtedly be wondrous and strange, the underlying principles that govern its formation and evolution might lead to surprising similarities with life on Earth. The universe operates under consistent laws, and those laws impose constraints and offer opportunities that could funnel biological evolution down comparable pathways.

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