Quantum Entanglement: Two or more particles can become entangled, meaning the state of one particle is instantly connected to the state of the other, no matter the distance. Einstein famously called this “spooky action at a distance.”

Quantum entanglement is a fundamental physical phenomenon where groups of particles interact such that their individual quantum states cannot be described independently of one another, even when separated by vast distances. This means the state of one particle is perfectly correlated with its partner(s), such that a measurement performed on one instantaneously determines the state of the others. 

Core Concepts and Mechanics

• Non-separability: Mathematically, an entangled system is represented by a single wavefunction. It cannot be factored into the product of individual particle states, making the particles effectively a single unified unit.
• Instantaneous Correlation: If two entangled particles are separated by light-years and the spin of one is measured as “up,” the other will instantly be measured as “down” (or “up,” depending on the specific entanglement).
• No Faster-Than-Light Communication:While the correlation is instantaneous, entanglement cannot be used to transmit usable information faster than light. The outcome of a local measurement is random, and meaningful communication requires a classical signal (limited by the speed of light) to compare results.
• Fragility: Entangled states are extremely delicate and subject to decoherence, where interaction with the environment cause the entanglement to break. 

Historical Background

• EPR Paradox (1935): Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky, and Nathan Rosen first highlighted the phenomenon, arguing that “spooky action at a distance” suggested quantum mechanics was an incomplete theory.
• Schrödinger’s Terminology: Erwin Schrödinger coined the term “entanglement” (Verschränkung) in 1935, calling it the defining trait of quantum mechanics.
• Bell’s Theorem (1964): John Bell proposed a mathematical inequality to test whether these correlations were due to “hidden variables” (pre-determined states) or true quantum non-locality.
• Nobel Prize (2022): Alain Aspect, John Clauser, and Anton Zeilinger were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for experimental work that proved Bell’s inequality is violated, confirming that entanglement is a real, measurable property of the universe. 

Modern Applications

• Quantum Computing: Entanglement is the “beating heart” of quantum computers, allowing qubits to perform parallel calculations and solve complex problems (like Shor’s algorithm for factoring) exponentially faster than classical computers.
• Quantum Cryptography: Entangled particles are used in Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) to create unhackable encryption keys. Any eavesdropping attempt disturbs the system and is immediately detectable.
• Quantum Teleportation: This process uses entanglement to transfer the exact quantum state of a particle from one location to another without physically moving the particle itself.
• Precision Sensing: Entanglement enhances the sensitivity of sensors beyond classical limits, benefiting fields like medical imaging (PET scans) and gravitational wave detection. 

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