Yes, evidence suggests that early humans, or hominins, lived in Eurasia nearly 2 million years ago. This evidence comes from cut-marked bones found at the Grăunceanu site in Romania.
Explanation
- The Grăunceanu site is located in the Olteţ River Valley in Romania’s Dacian Basin.
- The site’s rich fossil deposits date back to the Early Pleistocene, between 2.2 and 1.3 million years ago.
- The bones were examined for cut marks from stone tools used to remove meat from animals.
- The team identified at least 20 bones with signs of cut marks.
- Uranium-lead (U-Pb) age estimates support the presence of hominins at the site.
The discovery of these bones suggests that hominins may have migrated to Eurasia from Africa earlier than previously thought.
New evidence by an international team of researchers now pushes that date back to almost 2 million years ago. This evidence for hominins in Eurasia earlier than previously thought is based on multiple cut-marked fossil bones from the site of Grăunceanu, Romania
Humans spread across the world through migration, which was influenced by climate, population, and technology.
Early migrations
- Out of AfricaEarly humans first migrated out of Africa into Asia between 2 and 1.8 million years ago. They then migrated into Europe between 1.5 and 1 million years ago.
- Recent dispersalModern humans began migrating out of Africa around 60,000 years ago. This migration wave led to the spread of modern humans across the world.
Factors that influenced migration
- Climate: The climate influenced how far and how fast humans migrated.
- Population: Population pressures influenced how far and how fast humans migrated.
- Technology: The invention of boats and other technologies influenced how far and how fast humans migrated.
When humans arrived in other parts of the world
- Australia: Humans probably arrived in Australia within the past 60,000 years.
- The Americas: Humans probably arrived in the Americas within the past 30,000 years.
Evidence Beyond Bones
Researchers faced challenges working with fossils excavated over 50 years ago. Connecting the cut-marked bones to hominin activity required thorough analysis and collaboration among experts.
Sabrina Curran, an anthropologist at Ohio University, spearheaded the study alongside a multidisciplinary team that included Claire Terhune from the University of Arkansas and Alexandru Petculescu of Romania’s Emil Racoviță Institute of Speleology. The group also collaborated with the Smithsonian Institution and Colorado State University.
“We didn’t initially expect to find much,” Curran shared. “But during a routine check of the collections, we found several cut-marked bones. This led to further investigation and the discovery of deliberate butchering activities.”
Broader Context of Dispersal
Before this discovery, the site of Dmanisi in Georgia, dated to about 1.8 million years ago, held the title for the earliest known hominin presence outside Africa. The Grăunceanu findings suggest hominins were in Eurasia even earlier, spreading across diverse landscapes. This raises questions about how these ancient humans adapted to environments vastly different from those of their African homeland.
Grăunceanu’s fossil record provides a snapshot of a complex ecosystem. It shows hominins shared their environment with woolly rhinos, giant deer, ostriches, and other fauna. The variety of species indicates the region’s ecological richness, which may have supported early human survival.
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