While the exact origin of dark matter remains one of the biggest mysteries in modern cosmology, the prevailing scientific understanding points towards its creation in the very early universe, likely within the first fraction of a second after the Big Bang.
Here’s a breakdown of the current thinking:
The Hot Early Universe: The early universe was an incredibly hot and dense environment, a “particle-smashing party” where particles were constantly being created and destroyed. As the universe expanded and cooled, many of these particles became unstable and decayed, leaving behind the fundamental particles we know today.
Thermal Relics: Many physicists believe that dark matter particles were also created in this hot, early phase. If these particles interacted weakly with ordinary matter, as their name “Weakly Interacting Massive Particles” (WIMPs) suggests, they would have “frozen out” as the universe cooled. This means that as the universe expanded and the density of other particles decreased, dark matter particles would no longer annihilate efficiently, leaving a relic abundance that matches the amount of dark matter we observe today. This makes them “thermal relics” of the Big Bang.
Beyond Thermal Relics: While WIMPs are a leading candidate, other possibilities for dark matter’s origin are also being explored:

• Axions: These are extremely light particles that could have been produced in large quantities in the early universe.
• Sterile Neutrinos: These are hypothetical particles that would interact even more weakly than regular neutrinos and could have been produced through various mechanisms in the early universe.
• Primordial Black Holes: These are black holes that could have formed from density fluctuations in the very early universe, before the formation of stars. Recent studies even suggest a “Dark Big Bang,” a separate event that could have generated primordial black holes.
  The “Surprisingly Simple” Aspect: The simplicity lies in the idea that dark matter, like ordinary matter, could have originated from the fundamental processes and conditions of the early universe. It wouldn’t necessarily require exotic or late-time mechanisms. The challenge lies in identifying the specific particle or object that constitutes dark matter and understanding the precise details of its production.
  In essence, the most widely accepted idea is that dark matter was “forged in the hot aftermath of the Big Bang” as a natural consequence of the universe’s evolution from an extremely energetic state to a cooler, expanding one. The ongoing search aims to pinpoint the exact nature of this mysterious component of our cosmos.

Scientists has proposed a new explanation

Scientists have proposed a new explanation for dark matter and how the elusive substance that anchors galaxies might have taken shape in the newborn universe.

The scenario begins with weightless particles zipping through the cosmic furnace and ends with a chill population of massive pairs that could still be drifting through space today.

The work – carried out by physicists at Dartmouth College – offers predictions that astronomers can check against existing observations of the Cosmic Microwave Background, the after-glow of the Big Bang.

Particles after the Big Bang 

“Dark matter started its life as near-massless relativistic particles, almost like light,” said Robert Caldwell, senior author of the study. “That’s totally antithetical to what dark matter is thought to be – it is cold lumps that give galaxies their mass.”

In the model designed by Caldwell and undergraduate researcher Guanming Liang, countless high-energy quanta filled the universe just after the Big Bang. These particles, similar to the photons that carry light, hurtled about at near-light speed.

Under certain conditions, two such quanta could lock together because their spins pointed in opposite directions, rather like the attraction between the north and south poles of tiny magnets.

The moment they bonded, the new entity’s energy plummeted and its inertia skyrocketed. Within a flash it went from a racing ray to a hefty relic

A sudden drop in energy

“The most unexpected part of our mathematical model was the energy plummet that bridges the high-density energy and the lumpy low energy,” Liang explained.

The researchers liken the transformation to steam condensing into water – a hot, diffuse gas suddenly collapses into a cooler, denser phase.

“At that stage, it’s like these pairs were getting ready to become dark matter,” Caldwell said. “This phase transition helps explain the abundance of dark matter we can detect today. It sprang from the high-density cluster of extremely energetic particles that was the early universe.”

Future of dark matter research

For now the paper stakes out a middle ground between theoretical elegance and observational reach. 

Upcoming missions will either expose the predicted CMB trace or tighten the limits on how dark matter could have formed. Either outcome will refine our view of the invisible framework that holds the cosmos together.

Should the ancient sky bear the scar of those primordial pairings, physicists might finally glimpse how ghostly matter traded light speed for lasting weight – and reshaped the universe in the process.

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