The joint effort involved the Japan aerospace exploration agency ( JAXA) and ISRO , The Chandrayaan 4 mission is expected to launch in 2026
The Chandrayaan-4 mission is a joint effort between the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) to search for water on the lunar polar surface.
Finding water on the Moon’s surface is important for JAXA and ISRO. The presence of water could be of immense significance when it comes to future planetary explorations. It could be instrumental in a range of activities, including food.
The Chandrayaan-1 mission, launched in 2008, played a pivotal role in the discovery of water molecules on the Moon. The Moon Impact Probe (MIP) released by Chandrayaan-1 on November 14, 2008 helped confirm the presence of water ice.
Solar wind, comprised of high-energy particles like protons, is known to bombard the lunar surface and is considered a primary factor in lunar water formation. A new study that uses data from the Chandrayaan-1 mission indicates that electrons in the Earth’s magnetosphere could be forming water on the Moon.
Here are some other recent news stories about water on the Moon:
- Water in the sunlit area NASA’s SOFIA mission confirmed in 2020 that water exists in the sunlit area of the lunar surface.
- Water in the lunar soil A team of scientists from the United States used a converted NASA Boeing 747 called SOFIA to scan for possible water on the moon. They suggest that the outer layers of lunar soil could contain 270 trillion kg of water molecules.
- Water in the lunar poles Based on remote observations by radar instruments aboard Chandrayaan-1 and LRO, the lunar poles have over 600 billion kilograms of water ice. That’s enough to fill at least 240,000 Olympic-sized swimming pools.
Water on the moon could be used for drinking, oxygen, and rocket fuel. This could reduce the cost and risk of space missions.
Water is necessary for astronauts landing on the moon. It’s also an essential ingredient for any lunar settlement.
The presence of large quantities of water on the moon would make lunar habitation cost-effective. Transporting water (or hydrogen and oxygen) from Earth would be prohibitively expensive.
Studying the water on the moon could also help us learn more about the origin of the Earth and Moon, and by extension how life arose on Earth
Water on the Moon is thought to exist only in ice form. This is because the Moon’s low temperature and gravitational pull make it impossible for liquid and vapor water to exist.
The Moon’s water likely comes from:
- Comet impacts: Comets are balls of ice and rock that have flown by the Moon over billions of years.
- Icy micrometeorites: These collide on the lunar surface.
- Solar wind: The Moon’s lack of atmosphere exposes it to solar wind, which includes hydrogen ions. These hydrogen ions can interact with oxygen in lunar soil to create water molecules.
- Lunar dust: Lunar dust interacts with the solar wind.
Water on the Moon could exist in several spaces, including:
- At the poles
- Beneath the surface
- Within craters where the ice is not exposed to sunlight
The Moon’s water molecules are present in the extremely thin lunar atmosphere.
The Indian Space Research Organization’s (ISRO) Chandrayaan-1 mission discovered water on the Moon in September 2009. The mission used a radar instrument called the Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) to detect the presence of water molecules on the surface of the Moon.
ISRO’s CHACE instrument detected water molecules on the moon in 2008, providing direct evidence of water in situ. The first evidence of water in moon atmosphere came by an Indian device Chandra’s Altitudinal Composition (CHACE) that was mounted on Moon Impact probe released from Chandrayaan -1.
NASA’s M3 instrument received credit for the discovery of water on the moon, despite ISRO’s Chandrayaan also making the same discovery.
The Indian Space Research Organisation’s (ISRO) rover, Pragyan, found the following elements on the Moon:
Aluminium, Sulfur, Calcium, Iron, Chromium, Titanium, Manganese, Silicon, Oxygen.
The most important finding, according to scientists, was sulfur. Sulfur is volatile and not generally expected to be found on the Moon. The discovery of sulfur could have implications for our understanding of lunar formation and geochemistry
The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) is the Japanese national air and space agency. JAXA is a core executive organization that supports aerospace development and utilization for the Japanese government. JAXA was founded on October 1, 2003 through the merger of three previously independent organizations.
JAXA’s main activities include:
- Promoting satellite utilization
- Research in both aviation and space exploration
- Basic research and development
JAXA has about 1,500 staff. JAXA is very open to foreign students.
Some recent news about JAXA includes:
- September 8, 2023: Multilateral Coordination Board (MCB) Meeting held towards the operations and utilization of the ISS beyond 2025
- August 22, 2023: JAXA to launch Moon mission to demonstrate accurate lunar landing techniques
- March 7, 2023: The H3 rocket successfully lifted off after a failed attempt
ISRO stands for Indian Space Research Organisation. It is the national space agency of India and one of the world’s largest space agencies. ISRO was founded in 1969 by Vikram Sarabhai. Its headquarters are in Bengaluru.
ISRO’s parent organization is the Department of Space (DoS), which is overseen by the Prime Minister of India. The Chairman of ISRO also acts as the executive of DoS.
ISRO’s achievements include:
- Launching India’s first satellite, Aryabhatta, on April 19, 1975
- Detecting oxygen in Venus’s atmosphere
- Recording the impulsive phase of solar flares
ISRO has job openings for:
- Sap Materials Management Consultant
- Legal Counsel
- Science Teacher
- Software Engineer
- Human Resources Intern
- Inspection Engineer
- Associate Product Manager
- Spacecraft Engineer
To become a scientist in ISRO, you need a first-class degree in BE/BTech with a minimum aggregate of 65% or CGPA of 6.84. You can take one of three exams to join ISRO after Class 12:
- JEE Advanced
- Kishore Vaigyanik Protsahan Yojana
- State and Central Board-based Aptitude Test taken by IISER
Chandrayaan-4 is also known as the Lunar Polar Exploration Mission (LUPEX). The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) are planning a collaborative lunar mission. The mission is suggested to be launched in the time frame of 2026–28.
In the LUPEX mission, Japan is providing the rover and launcher, and India is providing the lander. The mission is slated for 2024-25.
ISRO has carried out 125 spacecraft missions, 92 launch missions and planned several missions including the Gaganyaan (crewed/robotic) and Interplanetary mission such as Chandrayaan-4 (LUPEX), Shukrayaan and Mangalyaan-2 (MOM 2)
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