If a rogue star came close enough to Earth, it could:
- Collide with Earth
- Alter Earth’s orbit
- Cause a comet storm
- Eject planets
- Demolish planets
If the rogue star was comparable in mass and density to Earth, a collision would likely destroy Earth. However, Earth could survive as a rogue planet for about a million years. During this time, the surface would freeze over.
The odds of a 100 AU stellar flyby are very small. Massive objects like black holes, stars, and rogue planets regularly pass near our solar system
After several billion years, our Solar System has evolved into sedentary predictability. The planets move as they move, and the Sun sits stolidly in the middle of it all. But if another star came too close, the invisible gravitational bonds that keep everything going the way it is would be stretched or broken
A rogue planet that gets close to Earth has a 1 in 2,000 chance of altering Earth’s orbit. However, it’s unlikely to collide with Earth.
If a rogue planet enters our solar system, it would fall towards the sun. However, its forward momentum would cause it to miss the sun and enter a highly elliptical orbit. This could destabilize the orbits of the inner planets
If Earth became a rogue planet, it would:
- Fly into interstellar space
- Be captured or swallowed by a black hole or another star
- Have permanent night
- Have a catastrophically chilled atmosphere
- Kill all plants and algae
Earth would still have its internal heat, so volcanoes and hot springs would still work.
Rogue planets are also called interstellar, orphan, or nomad planets. They don’t orbit a star, but instead roam through space on their own, orbiting the center of our galaxy
Rogue planets are unlikely to support life because they are outside of solar systems and away from the sun. However, some scientists think that rogue planets could support life.
Here are some factors that could make a rogue planet habitable:
- Size: A large planet with more radiogenic heat than Earth could retain a thick hydrogen or nitrogen atmosphere.
- Moons: Moons around rogue planets could have enough liquid water to support life.
- Atmosphere: Some organisms can live in a hydrogen atmosphere.
Scientists don’t know if rogue planets have atmospheres, but they doubt it. Most rogue planets would be very cold, roughly -270 degrees. They wouldn’t receive any light or heat from a star.
However, a thick hydrogen atmosphere could resist freezing and trap heat. It could trap enough heat to keep surface water from freezing.
David J. Stevenson theorized that some planet-sized objects adrift in interstellar space might sustain a thick atmosphere. He proposed that these atmospheres would be preserved by the pressure-induced far-infrared radiation opacity of a thick hydrogen-containing atmosphere
A rogue star could hit Earth, but it’s unlikely to happen for at least a few billion years. According to a study by Canadian astrophysicists, a star won’t pass by our solar system for another 100 billion years.
A rogue star could knock Earth out of orbit if it’s moving at least as fast as Earth orbits the sun. It would need to pass within Jupiter’s orbit to have a good chance of doing this.
A massive rogue star could also take Earth out of orbit in a process called a flyby. In this process, the planet could exchange energy with the star, deflecting it out of the solar system
Exploding stars, or supernovae, can be a threat to Earth. Supernovae radiate more energy than all the other stars in their galaxy for a few weeks. They can produce blast waves that generate X-rays that can reach Earth-like planets months or years after the explosion. These X-rays can damage the atmospheres of planets up to 160 light-years away.
Type Ia supernovae are thought to be the most dangerous. They come from dim, common white dwarf stars. There is evidence that Earth was hit by the effects of supernovae about 1.7 to 3.2 million years ago, and also 6.5 to 8.7 million years ago.
A collision between two decaying stars in the Milky Way galaxy could also be a threat to Earth. It could rip off the protective ozone layer from Earth and lead to the mass extinction of all life forms on the planet.
A rogue star is a star that has escaped the gravitational pull of its galaxy and is moving independently. Rogue stars are also known as intergalactic stars or hypervelocity stars
Rogue stars can move at speeds of up to 1,200 kilometers per second. They can leave the Milky Way and never return. The velocity needed to leave the Milky Way depends on the star’s location.
Rogue stars can be caused by events like:
- Supernovae When a massive star runs out of hydrogen, it fuses elements up the periodic table until it reaches iron. The star’s gravity collapses and it detonates.
- Gamma-ray bursts A companion star in a binary orbit with a star that explodes in a supernova can be flung outward with tremendous velocity.
Most rogue stars don’t come close to Earth. For example, Kappa Cassiopeiae is 4,000 light-years away
A rogue star, primarily known as an intergalactic star, is a star that has escaped the gravitational pull of its home galaxy and is moving independently in or towards the intergalactic void. More loosely, any star in an unusual location or state of motion may be termed a rogue star
The encounter hypothesis is one of the earliest theories for the formation of planets. In this theory, a rogue star passed close to the Sun about 5 billion years ago. The Sun and the rogue star lost material in the form of hot gas.
Stellar flybys are also thought to be responsible for disk truncation during planet development. This would prevent the formation of planets on wider, more distant orbits.
A rogue star passing by Earth could change the planet’s orbit. If the star is moving at least as quickly as the Earth orbits the sun, it has to pass within the orbit of Jupiter to have a decent chance of knocking Earth from its orbit.
A galactic collision can also cause a rogue star. In this scenario, stars that pass through the equilibrium point of the two galaxies will shoot off in a straight line.
Another way a star can go rogue is when a black hole swallows a smaller black hole. In this scenario, the companion star of the black hole that spirals in is flung outward at high velocity.
Here are some more facts about rogue stars:
- There are fewer than 700 known rogue stars.
- The first rogue stars were spotted in 1997 by the Hubble Space Telescope.
- One rogue star was spotted 300,000 light-years from the nearest visible galaxy.
- A rogue star system with rocky planets in the Goldilocks zone could support life.
- A rogue star’s lifetime needs to be long enough for life to develop.
- A study suggests that half of all stars in the universe may be rogue.
Universe discoveries 
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