Recent research suggests that Earth’s geological activities have influenced the evolution of biodiversity over the past 500 million years. These activities include: 

• Plate tectonics Plate tectonics cause landmasses to move, which can separate species and expose them to different environments. This can lead to genetic mutations and the evolution of new organisms. 
• Continental drift Continental drift can cause plates to collide, which can mix gene pools and lead to the evolution of new species. 
• Active plate tectonics Active plate tectonics can create new ecological niches, such as mountains and archipelagos. This can lead to the evolution of new species. 

Other geological processes that can affect evolution include: River movements, Climate change.

Plate tectonics can also cause changes in the Earth’s climate. These changes can lead to evolutionary change.  For example, when the continents of Africa and South America split, an ocean separated the New World from the Old World. This allowed for genetic drift and different evolutionary drivers. 

Other processes associated with plate tectonics include: 

Seafloor spreading, Subduction, Earthquakes, Volcanic eruptions, Tsunamis, Landslides.

The theory of plate tectonics has changed over time. The original definition of plate tectonics has been modified to include subduction as the driving force

Here are some changes to the theory of plate tectonics: 

• Driving force: The theory has been modified to include subduction as the driving force. 
• Plate movement: Evidence has shown that plates move constantly over geologic time. 
• Plate size: Plates can change over time. Plates that are made up of oceanic lithosphere can sink under other plates and disappear. 

The theory of plate tectonics states that the Earth’s lithosphere is separated into plates that move over the asthenosphere. The plates interact at boundaries all over the planet.

There are several ways that scientists know that tectonic plates have changed the Earth over time: 

• Fossils: Similar fossils found in areas separated by large distances 
• Continental drift: The matching shapes of continents that once fit together as a larger continent 
• Earthquakes: The majority of the world’s earthquakes are caused by sudden movement on faults 
• Mountain building: Mountain building occurs mostly at the boundaries of the moving plates 
• Volcanic activity: Volcanic activity occurs mostly at the boundaries of the moving plates 
• Seafloor spreading: The validation of seafloor spreading in the mid-to-late 1960s led to the acceptance of plate tectonics by geoscientists 

Other evidence includes: 

• Younger crustal layers in the ocean 
• Underwater mountain chains 
• Seashells in rocks on mountain tops 
• Continents that look like giant pieces of a global puzzle

Recent research reveals a striking correlation to how life evolved over 500 million years. The movement of rivers, mountains, oceans, and sediment nutrients at the geological timescale are central drivers of Earth’s biodiversity, new research recently published in Nature reveals

Geological processes can affect biological evolution by: 

• Changing the environment 
• Shifting the balance of reproductive success 
• Forcing organisms to change their characteristics 

Geological processes can also: 

• Create new selective pressures 
• Change the most fit adaptations for the environment 
• Change how natural selection works 
• Shift the balance of reproductive success 
• Drive speciation 

Some examples of geological factors that influence evolution include: 

• Uplift of mountain ranges 
• Rising or falling sea levels 
• Opening of new ocean basins and channels 
• Changes from forest to grassland 
• Changes in weather patterns(full article source google)

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