In all, the team found 139 genes that are common across the primate groups but highly divergent in their expression in human brains. These genes displayed a stronger ability to withstand mutations without impacting their function, suggesting they may have evolved under more relaxed selective pressure

According to a study led by the University of Toronto, over 100 genes uniquely evolved in the human brain. These genes may be the source of our unique cognitive abilities. The study also found 139 genes that are commonly expressed in primate brains, but only underwent evolutionary divergence in human brains

The study used single-cell analysis and was published in Nature Ecology & Evolution. It contributes to the Human Cell Atlas and offers new perspectives on brain evolution and associated disorders. 

Genes influence the development and function of the brain, and ultimately control how we move, think, feel, and behave. Changes in these genes can also determine whether we are at risk for a particular disease and if we are, the course it might follow. 

According to the BBC, over the past 15 million years, our ancestors acquired the genetic changes that eventually made us human. These genetic changes separated us from our closest living relatives – the chimpanzee and other great apes

According to a study led by the University of Toronto, researchers have discovered over 100 genes that uniquely evolved in the human brain. The study also found 139 genes that are common across primate groups but have undergone evolutionary divergence only in humans. These genes may be the source of our unique cognitive abilities. 

The study used single-cell analysis and contributes to the Human Cell Atlas. It also offers new perspectives on brain evolution and associated disorders. 

The genes found in the study displayed a stronger ability to withstand mutations without impacting their function. This suggests they may have evolved under more relaxed selective pressure.

The human brain goes through several stages of development: 

• Sensorimotor stage Birth to age 2. During this stage, children learn about the world through their senses. 
• Preoperational stage Ages 2 to 7. 
• Concrete operational stage Ages 7 to 11. During this stage, the brain is 95% the volume of an adult brain. 
• Formal operational stage Ages 12 to adulthood. The brain finishes developing and maturing in the mid-to-late 20s. The prefrontal cortex, which is responsible for skills like planning and decision making, is one of the last parts of the brain to mature. 

The brain grows to about 80% of its adult size by age 3 and 90% by age 5. However, it’s the connections between brain cells that make the brain work.

The brain shrinks in volume as we age, especially in the frontal cortex. This is due to changes at the level of individual neurons, including: 

• Neurons shrinking and retracting their dendrites 
• The fatty myelin that wraps around axons deteriorating 

Other changes that occur as we age include: 

• Communication between neurons becoming less effective 
• Blood flow in the brain decreasing 
• Grey matter volume declining throughout adulthood 
• White matter volume decreasing after peaking during midlife 

These changes can lead to memory decline and brain activation becoming more bilateral for memory tasks. Some other age-related declines include: 

• Overall slowness in thinking 
• Difficulties sustaining attention, multitasking, holding information in mind, and word-finding 

The CDC recommends the following to maintain brain health: 

• Quit smoking 
• Maintain a healthy blood pressure level 
• Be physically active 
• Maintain a healthy weight 
• Get enough sleep 
• Stay engaged 
• Manage blood sugar

According to some research, the human brain’s processing power and memory peak around age 18.  However, other research suggests that mental abilities can peak at different ages.  Some researchers say that cognitive abilities like memory, processing speed, and problem-solving tend to peak in the late 20s to early 30s.  Others say that many mental abilities don’t reach their highest point until around age 40 or later. 

According to a European study, people tend to hit their cognitive maximum around age 35 and remain there until about age 45. The study also suggests that chess skill and overall mental performance begin a marked decline after age 45.

According to a study published in Nature Ecology & Evolution, 139 genes are commonly expressed in primate brains but have undergone evolutionary divergence only in human brains. These genes may be the source of human cognitive abilities. 

The genes are highly divergent in their expression in human brains, but they can withstand mutations without impacting their function. This suggests that they may have evolved under more relaxed selective pressure. 

The 139 genes are a very small fraction of all genes analyzed. They are consistent with an evolutionarily conserved regulatory landscape across species

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