The way to generate electricity through nuclear fusion has become clearer. This is the same energy that makes the sun shine. The world’s largest nuclear fusion reactor in Japan has now become operational for experiments.

The year was 1945. For the first time, man understood the power of the atom. The Second World War had ended with just two bombs. By the end of 1945, more than a quarter of a million people had died in Hiroshima and 65,000 in Nagasaki. Of those who survived the attacks, none remained untouched by radiation. However, atoms were also used to generate electricity. And also in making bombs. Now a way for even more dangerous and more powerful energy has been found

The same energy that makes the sun shine. Name of the process, ‘Nuclear Fusion’. Due to this, the sun and all the other stars shine. It means scientists want to create the energy that makes the sun shine.
You will think: When electricity can be generated from coal and solar energy, then why all the fuss? Because the same amount of energy that can be produced from 40,000 tonnes of coal can be produced from just 1 kg of nuclear fuel. through nuclear fusion

Recently scientists have made some major successes. The world’s largest nuclear fusion reactor in Japan has now become operational for experiments. Lawrence Livermore Laboratory of California has also created net positive energy through nuclear fusion thrice in the last one year. Net positive energy is less than the total energy cost. More output than input. Profit in the language of meaning.

That’s why we will know –

• How does nuclear fusion happen?
• What way have scientists found to generate as much energy as the Sun?
• What impact will this have on the world?

What is an atom?
Atom is the beginning of everything. Table, chair, tree, mountain, we and you – we are all made of atoms. The smallest particle. Brick of the world. Just as bricks are joined together to form a wall, similarly atoms are joined together to form an element

Understand with an example: Suppose you have a gold chain (you can definitely propose). If you break that chain, the chain will not break. But gold will remain gold. When this gold is broken into millions of pieces, only the smallest particle will be found. After breaking this particle, gold will no longer remain ‘gold’. This particle will be called an atom of gold. There are some other particles inside the atom also. Then the atom will break into those particles – electron, proton and neutron.

However, you will not be able to break your so-called chain with a hammer. Will have to go to the lab. A lot will have to be done!

दिखता कैसा है ऐटम?

ऐटम का शेप सौर मंडल जैसा है. सूरज, सौर मंडल के बीच में होता है और ग्रह उसके चक्कर लगातें हैं. वैसे ही ये प्रोटॉन और न्यूट्रॉन गेंदों के ढेर की तरह बीच में होते हैं और इलेक्ट्रॉन इस ढेर के चक्कर लगाते हैं. इस प्रोटॉन और न्यूट्रॉन के ढेर को न्यूक्लियस कहते हैं.

What does an atom look like?
The shape of the atom is like the solar system. The Sun is in the center of the solar system and the planets revolve around it. Similarly, these protons and neutrons are in the middle like a pile of balls and the electrons revolve around this pile. This pile of protons and neutrons is called the nucleus.

Despite being so small (smallest), these particles have a lot of energy. From atom bomb to the heat of the sun, the reason for both is this particle. How? The reason is nuclear process. That means changes taking place in the nucleus. There are two types of processes.

Nuclear Fusion – Fusion means joining together. Suppose two small nuclei join together and become one big nucleus.
Nuclear Fission – Fission means to break. It means that a big nucleus breaks and splits into two.

nuclear fission
Atom bomb is made from this process and electricity generated from nuclear energy is also made from this nuclear fusion.

When you are broken, you get the strength to do something. But the possibility of something very good breaking down and the risk of something very bad happening are equal. Similarly, fission reaction can also be used in both positive and negative ways. Both electricity and bomb can be made.

Some radioactive elements are used in nuclear fusion. Elements emitting deadly radiation. For example uranium. This is an element whose nucleus is very heavy. It contains many protons and neutrons. Because of this this nullius becomes unstable and starts breaking.

But to create energy it has to be broken forcefully. For this an additional neutron is used. For example, when a uranium atom is bombarded with a neutron, the uranium atom breaks into two elements named krypton and barium. And along with this 3 extra neutrons are released. These three neutrons bombard the next 3 uranium atoms. In this way a chain reaction starts. This is called nuclear fusion reaction chain. And energy is released from this process.

We have told earlier that this energy can be both positive and negative. If this process is started and left to its own devices, it will cause devastation like an atom bomb. But while generating electricity this process is done under control. A direction is given to the reaction. Then a positive result is obtained.

nuclear fusion
Now let’s talk nuclear fusion. In this, 4 times more energy is released as compared to nuclear fusion. To put nuclear fusion in simple language, you must have heard the saying one and one eleven. This is also something similar. In this, two nuclei fuse and a lot of energy is released. In this, two very small nuclei join together to form one big nucleus. For example, two hydrogen nuclei fuse to form one helium nucleus. Now you might be thinking that if there is so much benefit then why don’t we generate electricity from nuclear fusion. Because there are some complications in it. Let us understand.

First of all, this is not the hydrogen which is present in the air. These are isotopes of hydrogen. Isotope simply means twin brother of an element. These twin brothers are similar in appearance. There is just a difference in some actions.

How? We told you earlier that the number of protons is fixed for every element. If that number changes then the element itself will change. Like hydrogen has only 1 proton, if there are 2 then it will become helium. But there is also a neutron in the nucleus. By increasing the number of neutrons the element does not change, only some characteristics change. And when the number of neutrons in an element changes then it is called isotope.

Nuclear fusion requires two different isotopes of hydrogen. Their names are deuterium and tritium.

Secondly, this deuterium and tritium are in plasma state. Now let us also understand what this plasma is. You all have heard that every substance or matter exists in 3 states. Solid, liquid or gas. That means solid, liquid or gas. Plasma is the fourth state. Completely different from these three states. Let us also know how it is different. We told you in the beginning what an atom is like, but in plasma some electrons get separated from every atom and become independent. This is possible only at very high temperatures. To carry out nuclear fusion, hydrogen has to be converted into the state of plasma

तीसरी, न्यूक्लियर रिएक्टर के अंदर 10 करोड़ डिग्री सेल्सियस का तापमान होना चाहिए. जब ये सारी कंडीशंस पूरी हो जाती हैं तब एक डूटेरियम और एक ट्राइटियम बहुत करीब आकर टकराते हैं और बहुत ज्यादा गतिज ऊर्जा की वजह से ये ऐटम फ्यूज हो जाते हैं. रिजल्ट में एक हीलियम का ऐटम बनता है और एक न्यूट्रॉन निकलता है. और साथ निकलती है अथाह एनर्जी. वही एनर्जी जिससे सूरज चमकता है.

लेकिन ये कंडीशन्स ही समस्याओं की वजह हैं. अब समस्याओं को भी जान लेते हैं.

Third, the temperature inside the nuclear reactor should be 100 million degrees Celsius. When all these conditions are fulfilled, then a deuterium and a tritium come very close and collide and due to a lot of kinetic energy, these atoms fuse. As a result, one helium atom is formed and one neutron is released. And with it comes immense energy. The same energy that makes the sun shine.

But these conditions are the cause of problems. Now let us know the problems also

Problems related to nuclear fusion
We just told you how difficult nuclear fusion is. Because of this, some problems arise in nuclear fusion. For example, the first problem is to convert hydrogen into plasma state before the nuclear reaction.

Second, maintain the temperature at 100 million degrees Celsius for a long time.

Third, net positive energy. In simple language, more energy is released from nuclear fusion than the energy that is being spent in fulfilling all the conditions of nuclear fusion.

Now let’s talk about what solution the scientists have found.

How did scientists find the solution?
Lawrence Livermore Laboratory of California has created a facility. Its size is equal to 3 football fields. Let us understand the process taking place in a simple way. Laser beam is used in this. Laser beam i.e. laser rays is a bit like the laser which you buy in the fair. The only difference is that this laser beam has a high level energy. In this, 192 laser rays are gradually amplified. To create high pressure and high temperature inside the reactor.

First of all flash lamps are lit with electricity. Due to which electricity is converted into light. This light gets absorbed in the amplifier of the laser glass. An amplifier is a machine through which the energy of any ray can be increased. With the help of these amplifiers, the energy of laser rays increases millions of times. Then these laser rays are inserted inside the reactor. Is focused on a 10mm target. Then very high pressure and temperature builds up inside that target. And in less than a fraction of a second, as much energy as the sun is generated.

Now through this process net positive energy has been created. Although this positive energy is equal to heating a kettle of water, it can be increased further in the future.

न्यूक्लियर फ्यूज़न से भविष्य में क्या लाभ

अब जानना ये भी ज़रूरी है कि इतनी जटिल तकनीक की आखिर जरूरत क्या है. एक फ़ायदा तो हमने आपको शुरुआत में बताया था कि 1 किलो न्यूक्लियर फ्यूल से बनी एनर्जी 40,000 टन कोयले के बराबर है. इसके अलावा और क्या फायदे हैं, उनको भी समझ लेते हैं.

सबसे पहले इसके जरिये हम बिना प्रदूषण के एनर्जी बना सकते हैं. प्रदूषण और उसकी वजह से निकलने वाली कार्बन डाईऑक्साइड से दुनिया खतरे में है. सारी दुनिया में ये एक मुद्दा बना हुआ है. पहल हो रही है कि देशों को रिन्यूएबल एनर्जी की तरफ बढ़ाया जाये जिससे कार्बन एमिशन कम से कम हो. उसमें न्यूक्लियर फ्यूज़न बहुत कारगर साबित हो सकता है.

What are the future benefits of nuclear fusion?
Now it is also important to know what is the need of such a complex technology. One advantage we told you in the beginning is that the energy generated from 1 kg of nuclear fuel is equal to 40,000 tons of coal. Apart from this, let us understand what other benefits there are.

First of all, through this we can create energy without pollution. The world is in danger due to pollution and the carbon dioxide released due to it. This remains an issue all over the world. Initiatives are being taken to move countries towards renewable energy so that carbon emissions are minimized. Nuclear fusion can prove to be very effective in that

The second big advantage is that it is never-ending energy. Because its raw material is hydrogen. Which is easily available.

Third thing. Today the world is governed by the will of those countries who have control over oil and coal. Because today most of the energy is produced only from oil and coal. If this technology is successful then in the future we will not have to depend on any country for a basic thing like energ

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