Studying lunar lava tubes can help with the origin of the moon and future exploration. Lunar lava tubes are underground tunnels that form from lava flows. They are a promising location for human habitation because they have a more benign environment than the surface of the moon. For example, the tubes can be pressurized with breathable air to create habitable volumes larger than those constructed using manufactured materials. 

Lunar lava tubes can also be useful for in-situ resource utilization efforts. For example, lava tubes near the poles of the moon may contain massive ice formations that can be mined and turned into water. 

The Moon’s airless environment has perfectly preserved evidence of lava tubes, including dark deposits, volcanic domes, and cones. The most recognizable features are known as “sinuous rilles,” which are believed to be ancient lava tubes that have since collapsed. 

Further study of lava tubes on Earth and a detailed search on the Moon and Mars may ultimately demonstrate that lava tubes are valuable targets for both robotic and manned exploration missions. 

Here’s a Mission That Could Help. The Moon is practically begging to be explored, and the momentum to do so is building. The Artemis Program’s effort to return astronauts to the Moon for the first time since the Apollo missions captures a lot of attention

Lava tubes could be important to future astronauts for a number of reasons:

• Protection: Lava tubes can protect astronauts from solar winds, cosmic rays, and meteorite impacts. 
• Storage: Lava tubes could be used for storing materials between space missions. 
• Shelter: Lava tubes could provide shelter for habitats for future crewed missions to Mars. 
• Resources: Lava tubes could contain resources such as water ice. 
• Geological history: Studying the inside of lava tubes could reveal information about volcanic activity and the interior composition of planetary bodies. 
• Signs of life: The interiors of lava tubes could reveal niches that could be ideal for hosting life or could have preserved signs of past life. 
• Environmental conditions: Lava tubes offer environmental conditions that are relatively stable and likely to be more hospitable than those found on a planet’s surface. 
• Food storage: Food stored in the cooler, more thermally stable lava tubes would last longer

Lava tubes on other planets could be important for finding life because they provide access to the subsurface environment. On Mars, the subsurface environment is a primary target for searching for past and present life

Lava tubes could also provide an ideal environment for microbial life. Some lava tubes on the Moon and Mars might be cold enough to trap water ice, which could be a resource and a potential underground habitat for microbial life. 

Lava tubes could also provide a stable environment where temperatures don’t vary from day to night

Lava tubes on the Moon are the result of lava flows that cooled and hardened as they moved downhill, leaving a hollow tube. As the lava flow diminished, the tube could drain, creating a hollow void

The Moon has many lava channels, including narrow and deep channels called rilles. Researchers have also identified “pits” on the Moon, which may be lava-tube “skylights” or geological doorways to underground tunnels. 

Lava tubes could provide a benign alternative to the Moon’s harsh surface, offering protection from radiation, micrometeoroids, and extreme temperature fluctuations

They were formed a LONG time ago, when the Moon was still actively volcanic. As lava flows downhill – following a valley – the surface of the lava cools and hardens while the remainder continues to flow. Eventually, the lava is flowing though a cave with a solid roof of hardened lava

Lunar lava tubes can be 1,600–3,000 ft (500–900 m) long, and can be as wide as 500 m (1,600 ft) before becoming unstable. Some lava tubes on the Moon are 100–1,000 times larger than those on Earth. 

Lunar lava tubes are formed on sloped surfaces that range in angle from 0.4° to 6.5°. They can be disrupted by seismic events or meteoroid bombardment. 

According to some scientists, lava tubes on Mars could be roomy habitats for humans. Lava tubes are large underground tunnels that remain after lava burns through the ground. They could be large enough to fit city center-sized groups of astronauts. 

Lava tubes on Mars could protect life forms from: high surface temperatures, ultraviolet radiation, wind storms, and regolith dust. 

They could also trap volatiles like water, which is essential for life. Lava tubes may also contain reservoirs of ancient ice, which could provide insight into the history of Mars

Lava tubes on Mars can be hundreds of meters in diameter. One skylight near the Martian volcano Pavonis Mons is estimated to be at least 115 meters deep. 

Lava tubes on Earth are usually several meters to tens of meters in diameter. The longest and deepest lava tube in the world is Kazumura Cave, which is 40.7 miles long and 3,614 feet deep

Future human habitationThe interior of lava tubes, along with other subsurface cavities, could prove to be prime locations for future crewed missions to Mars by providing shelter for habitats

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