In December 2022, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) identified three objects as galaxies, which some suggest could be dark stars. These stars may have formed at the center of minihaloes, which were early protogalaxies, and may have been fueled by the self-annihilation of dark matter. If any of the three candidates turn out to be dark stars, they could offer a glimpse of star formation in the early universe, hint at the nature of dark matter, and possibly explain the origins of supermassive black holes

According to Physics World, the confirmation could be a major breakthrough in our understanding of the nature of dark matter, and provide further evidence for the existence of WIMPs. 

According to PNAS, three of the four JADES objects considered, JADES-GS-z13-0, JADES-GS-z12-0, and JADES-GS-z11-0, have photometry consistent at a minimum 95% confidence level (CL) with a Dark Star interpretation. 

Dark stars are hypothetical stars powered by particles. Some spin faster than expected, and others are less dense than simulations suggest they should be. This is where dark matter comes in. 

Dark matter may form exploding “Dark stars”. These stars may have been fueled by the self-annihilation of dark matter. The gas around the star would have enough energy to resist gravity pulling inwards on themselves. The gas would never get dense enough to actually kick-start nuclear fusion and form a normal star. Instead, you’d have something that was glowing because of the energy given off by Dark Matter Annihilation. 

To look for dark stars, Freese, Ilie and undergraduate student Jillian Paulin searched the catalogue of objects that the JWST has identified as being from the early universe, or from nearly 14 billion years ago. Only nine of those objects had enough data on their electromagnetic emissions to be useful for study

Significance

In 2007, we proposed the idea of Dark Stars. The first phase of stellar evolution in the history of the universe may be Dark Stars (DS), powered by dark matter (DM) heating rather than by nuclear fusion. Although made almost entirely of hydrogen and helium from the Big Bang, they form at the centers of protogalaxies where there is a sufficient abundance of DM to serve as their heat source. They are very bright diffuse puffy objects and grow to be very massive. In fact, they can grow up to ten million solar masses with up to ten billion solar luminosities. In this paper, we show that the James Webb Space Telescope may have already discovered these objects.

Some of the JWST high redshift galaxy candidates could instead be Dark Stars, which are made almost entirely of hydrogen and helium with less than 0.1% of the mass in the form of DM. Since they remain cool (without a central hot core), there is no fusion inside them; instead, DM annihilations happen throughout their volume. Dark Stars are giant, puffy (∼10 AU), and cool (surface temperatures ∼ 10,000 K) objects. We follow the evolution of Dark Stars, in thermal and hydrostatic equilibrium, from their inception at ∼1M_⊙ as they accrete mass from their surroundings to become Supermassive Dark Stars (SMDSs), some even reaching masses > 10⁶M_⊙and luminosities > 10¹⁰L_⊙, making them visible to JWST Once the DM runs out and the SMDS dies, it collapses to a black hole; thus, Dark Stars may provide seeds for the supermassive black holes observed throughout the universe and at early times (see, e.g., ref.for statistical studies of such supermassive black holes, inferred from properties of high redshift quasars).

Yes, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) may have spotted the first dark matter stars in December 2022. The JWST identified three objects as galaxies: JADES-GS-z13-0, JADES-GS-z12-0, and JADES-GS-z11-0. A team suggests that these objects may be dark stars, which are theoretical objects powered by particles. These stars may have formed at the center of minihaloes, which were early protogalaxies. The stars may have been fueled by the self-annihilation of dark matter

If any of the three candidates turn out to be this new type of star, they could offer a glimpse of star formation in the early universe, hint at the nature of dark matter, and possibly explain the origins of supermassive black holes. This confirmation could also be a major breakthrough in our understanding of the nature of dark matter, and provide further evidence for the existence of WIMPs

Now researchers report in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA that at least three far-off objects observed by the JWST and previously identified as galaxies could, in fact, each be single, supermassive dark stars

Who discovered dark matter

Fritz Zwicky, a Swiss astrophysicist and researcher at the California Institute of Technology, first inferred the existence of dark matter in 1933. Zwicky observed that the Coma Cluster of galaxies had an anomaly: single galaxies were moving too fast for the cluster to stay bound together. He applied the virial theorem to the cluster and discovered evidence of unseen mass, which he called dunkle Materie (“dark matter

Dark matter is a theoretical substance that makes up 30.1% of the universe’s matter-energy composition. It’s discerned from its gravitational attraction, not its luminosity. Other astronomers who contributed to the theory of dark matter include Jacobus Kapteyn, Ken Freedman, Vera Rubin, and Kent Ford. 

Rubin is an American astronomer who established the presence of dark matter in galaxies. She found a plane that was denser with galaxies than other regions, which she called the “supergalactic plane

How did Veera Rubin discovered dark matter

Vera Rubin provided strong evidence of dark matter’s existence in the 1970s by measuring the rotation rates of galaxies from their spectra. She found that galaxies move faster than they should based on their visible matter. For example, in the Milky Way, all stars have the same orbital speed, regardless of how far away they are from the center of the galaxy. This is different from Newton’s law of gravity, which states that objects closer to the center of the galaxy move faster than objects towards the edge

Rubin also observed that the edge of the galaxy moves faster than estimated and almost equal to the region closer to the center. This could only be explained by the presence of dark matter. 

Rubin and Kent Ford calculated the rotation rates of galaxies and found that they were moving too quickly to explain without a much greater amount of mass that they were unable to detect. Rubin’s discovery led to the understanding that dark matter accounts for about 85% of matter in the universe

Through painstaking work, Rubin continued to measure the speeds of more than 60 galaxies, all of which also showed flat rotation curves. While it was far from a smooth ride, eventually, Rubin was successful in throwing light on the existence of dark matter

JWST may have spotted enormous stars powered by dark matter

The early universe could be home to huge stars powered by dark matter annihilation instead of fusion – and the James Webb Space Telescope may have already found some

Regular stars form when a cloud of dust and gas becomes so massive that it collapses in on itself, and the pressure and temperature in the centre are high enough to begin the process of nuclear fusion, wherein atoms slam together and merge into heavier elements. So-called dark stars wouldn’t have any fusion at all – in the early universe, they could form from similar clouds rich in dark matter. For several postulated types of dark matter, when two particles collide they should annihilate in a blast of energy, which would be intense enough to power a supermassive star.

If these objects turn out to truly be dark stars, it would be a major leap in our understanding in dark matter. “Despite decades of experiments and observations, we have yet to conclusively observe anything related to the non-gravitational nature of dark matter,” says Pearl Sandickat the University of Utah. “Observing a dark star would be an incredible confirmation that dark matter experiences forces other than gravity, and at the same time it would really confirm a very interesting and different picture of the formation of the first stars in the universe than the standard story.”

Dark stars could theoretically grow to be several million times the mass of our sun, and up to 10 billion times as bright as the sun. They are called dark stars because they’re powered by dark matter, though they’re not really dark at all. In fact, their mass is only around 0.1% dark matter. 

The stars may have formed at the center of minihaloes, which were early protogalaxies. The stars may have been fueled by the self-annihilation of dark matter.

Yes, stars can accumulate dark matter in their cores. Dark matter can interact with matter, causing particles to scatter from other matter particles. This means that white dwarfs and neutron stars can accumulate dark matter in their cores. The rate of accumulation is proportional to ρvσ, where ρ is the density of dark matter, v is the average relative velocity, and σ is the cross section

Dark matter is a ghostly substance that astronomers have not been able to detect for decades. It makes up over 80% of all matter in the universe, and is responsible for the massive gravitational pull that galaxies have on other galaxies. Dark matter is completely invisible, and emits no light or energy. However, its presence is made known through gravitational effects. 

Some astronomers have theorized that dark matter might just be ordinary matter that we cannot see. This ordinary matter could include black holes, neutron stars, brown dwarfs, white dwarfs, very faint red dwarfs, and even solitary planets. 

Dark stars are very unusual stars that are made of atomic matter (hydrogen and helium) but are powered by dark matter heating. They are composed mostly of normal matter, but a high concentration of neutralino dark matter present within them would generate heat via annihilation reactions between the dark-matter particles

Dark matter is invisible and cannot be seen directly with telescopes or other instruments. It doesn’t reflect or absorb light like normal matter does. Dark matter also doesn’t interact with the electromagnetic force, so it doesn’t absorb, reflect, or emit light

However, scientists can infer the existence of dark matter by its gravitational effects. For example, dark matter affects the movement of stars within galaxies, messes with calculations of galaxy mass, and bends light. Without dark matter, galaxies wouldn’t have enough mass to stay together and would fly apart. 

Astronomers use Albert Einstein’s 1915 theory of general relativity to map dark matter. This theory states that gravity arises from objects with mass shaping the fabric of time and space. Dark matter bends/curves the space around it

Galaxies, like our Milky Way, contain mostly dark matter, a hypothetical substance that does not reflect or absorb light the way normal matter does. Although we cannot see dark matter and we have not yet detected it in a lab, its presence is made known through gravitational effects

Does dark matter has mass

Yes, dark matter has mass. It makes up about 80% of the universe’s mass, while ordinary matter makes up the remaining 20%. Dark matter is so heavy that it’s hard to detect because it doesn’t interact with normal matter through any other force except gravity

Dark matter is also transparent to all types of light. It moves slowly, compared to the speed of light. 

Dark matter was created to account for the missing mass in the universe. For example, galaxies have a lot of mass in the middle, but as you move outward, you see less and less matter. This is a problem because the outermost parts of a galaxy rotate at the same speed as the matter in the core, or do not rotate much slower

Light of all types seems to pass through as though it’s completely transparent. However, dark matter does have mass, which we see by its gravitational influence. Studies of galaxies show stars and gas moving as though there’s a lot more mass than we can see pulling them along

Can we touch dark matter

No, you can’t touch dark matter. Dark matter doesn’t interact with the electromagnetic force, which is what allows you to touch things

Dark matter is also invisible and intangible. It doesn’t interact with itself or other matter except through gravity. This means that dark matter can’t be solid, and you can’t hold it. 

Dark matter is only known to exist because of indirect evidence. For example, we can see its effects on galaxies and galaxy clusters. Without dark matter, galaxies wouldn’t have enough mass to stay together

We call it dark matter simply because we don’t know what it is and we can’t see or touch it. So, how do we know dark matter exists? We can see its affects on galaxies and clusters of galaxies. Without dark matter, galaxies don’t have enough mass to stay together—they would fly apart

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