In May 2024, a study identified seven stars that may be surrounded by alien megastructures called Dyson spheres. The stars are M-dwarf stars, which are smaller and dimmer than the sun, and are located within 1,000 light-years of Earth. The stars were identified because they emit an abnormally large amount of infrared radiation, which would make a Dyson sphere appear as a star with more infrared radiation than normal. However, as of June 13, 2024, there is no conclusive evidence that the stars have Dyson spheres around them. According to CNN, it’s difficult to find an explanation for the infrared glow because there isn’t enough data to prove what’s causing it

Dyson spheres are hypothetical megastructures that could surround a star and capture a large percentage of its solar power output. They were first proposed by physicist Freeman Dyson in 1960 as a way for an advanced civilization to harness a star’s power. Dyson spheres would consist of floating power collectors, factories, and habitats that would take up more and more space until they eventually surrounded almost the entire star like a sphere

Scientists recently identified seven stars in the Milky Way that could potentially be gigantic alien structures called Dyson spheres. New research proposes an alternative explanation: Those are just cosmic “hot DOGs” in disguise.

In early 2024, astronomers combed through more than 5 million stars from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Gaia and 2MASS sky surveys, searching for stars that seemed to have excess infrared radiation. According to the researchers, this extra infrared signal could be interpreted as the signature of a Dyson sphere. 

First proposed in the 1960s by physicist Freeman Dyson, these hypothetical constructs would essentially be enormous shells that wrap around stars, absorbing as much light energy as possible. In Dyson’s theory, the material used to construct these spheres would come from disassembled planets in that star’s system.

What’s a Hot DOG galaxy?

Astronomers are finding that different types of galaxies are more prevalent at different times during the history of the Universe. For example, when the Universe was only around 2 billion years old, there were a very large number of galaxies with irregular shapes, massive amounts of gas and very rapid star-formation. As the Universe aged and stars churned through their gas supplies, galaxies started to form new stars more slowly. Older galaxies also generally have supermassive black holes millions to billions of times the mass of the Sun at their centers. These black holes suck in massive amounts of gas and dust that would normally be forming stars, causing their nearby surroundings to heat up and shine very brightly and look like stars. For this reason, they are referred to as “quasi-stellar objects”, or “quasars”. Just what causes this transition from gas-rich, rapidly star-forming galaxies to slower star-forming quasars is a hot topic in extragalactic astronomy!

Using observations and simulations, astronomers hypothesize that the transition between galaxy types in the early-Universe is the result of massive galaxies crashing into each other, causing one of the most dramatic events in the cosmos. When this happens, the centers of the crashing galaxies collide, forming a supermassive black hole that sucks in gas and dust, making it shine very bright as a quasar. However, because of all of the gas and dust, this bright quasar is blocked from our view, so all that we can see is a very faint glow in the dust letting us know that it is there. At the same time that this supermassive black hole forms, all of the gas and dust from the crashing galaxies causes a bunch of new stars to form (around 1,000 new stars per year!) leading to the messy, star-forming galaxies that we see so prevalently when the Universe was around 2 billion years old.

This brings us to Hot DOG galaxies, or “hot dust-obscured” galaxies, which are a special type of quasar that is in this phase of galaxy evolution. The supermassive black hole in the center of all of this gas, dust and star formation is actively churning up so much gas there isn’t nearly as much left for stars to keep forming. The area around the supermassive black hole gets so hot that it starts to push all of the gas out of the galaxy, which also helps to further slow down the formation of new stars. Eventually, most of the gas is gone from around the shining supermassive black hole and it can be seen by us from Earth as a regular quasar.

The Hunt For Alien Megastructures Is On 

Astronomers are continuing to scour the sky in search of these colossal construction projects — both within and beyond our home galaxy.

Last year, a single star found fame. It consistently made headlines and even appeared on “Saturday Night Live” and “The Late Night Show with Stephen Colbert.” The star (often referred to as Tabby’s star) is located 1,200 light-years away toward the constellation Cygnus and has been inexplicably flickering and fading by such large amounts that it cannot be easily explained by natural causes. One astronomer has speculated that it’s encased within a vast alien megastructure, and although scientists have yet to solve that particular stellar mystery, they are continuing to scour the sky in search of these colossal construction projects — both within and beyond our home galaxy.

It might sound like science fiction, but as early as 1959 physicist Freeman Dyson surmised that all advanced civilizations — including ours — would eventually build one of these megastructures. He predicted that any civilization could wake up one day to discover that they had consumed all of the energy available on their home planet. At this point, each civilization would naturally look toward their stars, giant nuclear furnaces that release torrents of energy every second, for a solution. Unfortunately, only a sliver of that energy, in the form of light, will fall on any orbiting planet. Most is simply lost to space. So any advanced civilization would likely build a series of solar panels to envelope the star, almost like scaffolding around a church’s dome, collecting every available scrap of the star’s energy and beaming it back toward their home planet.

Can we make Dyson spheres

It would be impossible for us to build a solid sphere around a star. Freeman Dyson admitted as much. He proposed instead a concept in which we released many independent machines to circle the sun, collecting energy and beaming it to Earth.

What would a Dyson sphere look like?

Any such structure probably wouldn’t be a simple monolithic sphere. More likely, a Dyson sphere would consist of a collection of orbiting solar panels that only partially cover the star. In any case, there would be clear observational signatures for astronomers here on Earth

A Dyson sphere is a megastructure that completely encompasses a star and captures a large percentage of its power output. It’s used by a spacefaring civilization to meet its energy requirements once those requirements exceed what can be generated from the home planet’s resources alone. Only a tiny fraction of a star’s energy emissions reach the surface of any orbiting planet. Building structures encircling a star would enable a civilization to harvest far more energy. By definition it is regarded as a Class B stellar engine.

The collected energy can be beamed to remote locations for use in life support, industry, computational processing, or transport; these beams can also be used for defense or communication. Energy can also be stored using antimatter

Can advanced civilisation make Dyson spheres

In theory, advanced civilizations could build Dyson spheres to meet their energy needs on a large scale. A Dyson sphere is a massive spherical structure that surrounds a star and captures and uses a large percentage of its energy output

However, building a stable Dyson sphere around the sun is currently beyond humanity’s engineering capacity. Some say that there isn’t enough material in a single solar system to create a Dyson sphere, and others say that the energy payback time could be anywhere from a few centuries to a few billion years. 

Some scientists have theorized that Dyson spheres could be used to detect alien life. Freeman Dyson, the physicist who originally proposed the concept, suggested that hypothetical alien megastructures would give off infrared radiation. In June 2024, a group of researchers identified at least seven stars that might be surrounded by advanced alien mega-structures, possibly Dyson spheres. However, astronomers have not yet found evidence of Dyson spheres in the Milky Way or across galaxies.

A Dyson sphere is a hypothetical engineering project that only highly advanced civilisations can build. These Dyson spheres would allow a civilisation to harness all of a star’s energy. To find Dyson spheres, or rather their technosignatures, the ”Project Hephaistos” was created

What type of civilization can build a Dyson sphere?

First proposed by physicist Freeman Dyson in 1960, the idea is that a sufficiently advanced civilization (at least Type II on the Kardashev scale) would be capable of harnessing the power of its host star by constructing a kind of cocoon that could tap into a large percentage of the star’s released energy.

The search for alien life comes in many flavors, from hunting for Earth-like planets, to looking for stars with Sun-like characteristics, to tuning into some kind of alien transmission. But for more than 60 years, one particular type of search for alien worlds has centered around the idea of a Dyson Sphere

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