Between Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and the Moon, there is a region of space measuring 384,400 km (238,855 mi) wide known as Cislunar space. In the coming decades, multiple space agencies will send missions to this region to support the development of infrastructure that will lead to a permanent human presence on the Moon

Dreams of space travel started small with the launch of Sputnik-1 by the Soviet Union, and escalated with the U.S. Apollo landing on the moon in 1969

Humans have always looked at the sky, using the stars as navigation guides or for spiritual storytelling. Every human civilization has looked to the stars and used celestial movements to measure time and find meaning

Scientists, engineers and dreamers worldwide are fascinated by NASA‘s plan to create human settlements on the moon by 2040. To take a significant leap in humanity’s quest to explore beyond our home plane and establish sustainable habitats on the moon, the US space agency has made clear plans. It believes that by 2040, Americans will inhabit lunar residences. It has developed the Artemis program, a multifaceted initiative that aims to return humans to the lunar surface and set up a sustainable presence.

What is the future base on the Moon?

An underground cave stretching tens of metres below an open pit on the moon has been discovered which could be a potential base for future astronauts, say scientists. This is the first lunar tunnel to be found which could be accessible to humans, according to researchers

What next for humans on the Moon?

NASA will now target September 2025 for Artemis II, the first crewed Artemis mission around the Moon, and September 2026 for Artemis III, which is planned to land the first astronauts near the lunar South Pole. Artemis IV, the first mission to the Gateway lunar space station, remains on track for 2028

Why are humans exploring the Moon?

By successfully establishing a presence on the Moon, we will enhance life on Earth and prepare to explore the rest of our solar system — and beyond! Keeping astronauts healthy in a lower-gravity and higher-radiation environment than Earth is an important challenge for medical researchers

Two key trends emerge when looking over these missions; the importance of establishing sustainable operations and the strategic value of the Lunar South Pole. Many future missions have objectives to test new technologies that support sustainable operations on the Moon, such as water harvesting methods from Lunar regolith for astronauts, efficient landing methods to support constant movement to and from the surface of the Moon, or utilizing orbital trajectories that require little fuel to remain within.

The Lunar South Pole is a key piece of Cislunar space as it is an efficient geographic location for these sustainable operations. The South Pole possesses permanently shadowed craters that contain concentrations of water within the regolith. Also, the near-rectilinear halo orbit (NRHO) that will house Gateway spends the majority of its trajectory within line of sight of the South Pole and requires very little fuel to maintain under outside perturbations.”

NASA’s plans for expansion between Earth and the Moon include

NASA’s Artemis program includes several missions to the Moon, including: 

• Artemis
  Artemis II: The first crewed Artemis mission, scheduled for September 2025

Artemis III: The first crewed landing on the Moon since Apollo 17, scheduled for September 2026

Artemis IV: The first mission to the Gateway lunar space station, scheduled for 2028

Sustainable infrastructure 

NASA plans to build sustainable infrastructure on the Moon, including pressurized rovers, lunar terrain vehicles, and fission surface power

Partnerships 

NASA plans to collaborate with partners to establish a long-term presence on the Moon

NASA plans to conduct research to learn how to live and work in deep space, primarily through their Artemis programwhich aims to establish a long-term presence on the Moon, serving as a testing ground to develop the technologies and knowledge needed for future human missions to Mars and beyond, effectively learning how to live and work in a distant environment away from Earth

Focus on the Moon: 

The Artemis missions will focus on exploring and utilizing lunar resources, building sustainable infrastructure on the Moon, and conducting research to understand the challenges of living and working in a low-gravity environment

Learning from the Moon: 

By studying and living on the Moon, NASA will gain valuable insights into how to manage resource utilization, radiation exposure, and other issues crucial for deep space exploration

Research areas: 

This research will encompass various aspects including life support systems, radiation protection, food production in space, psychological effects of long-duration spaceflight, and development of advanced spacesuits and rovers

The European Space Agency (ESA) has a number of plans for expansion between Earth and the Moon, including

Moonlight program 

The ESA’s Moonlight program aims to establish a European communication and navigation services provider for the Cislunar region. The program includes activities such as developing second-generation systems, exploring future communication technologies, and augmenting lunar surface assets

Lunar satellites 

The ESA is considering a number of satellites in different orbits around the Moon that would provide navigation and communication services for lunar missions. These services could support lunar landings, orbit, rover driving, and ascent

Terrae Novae 2030+ roadmap 

This long-term plan for Europe’s space exploration includes sending the first European astronauts to the Moon by the 2030s. The roadmap also includes preparing Europe for a human mission to Mars

The high-level ambitious goal for the Moon is to have the first European astronaut land on the Moon before 2030 by providing autonomous Moon landing capabilities for European-led missions within an international cooperation context, developing scientific and infrastructure assets, and preparing for sustained lunar colonies

What is the ESA strategy for the Moon?

ESA’s priorities for scientific activities at the Moon in the next ten years are: Analysis of new and diverse samples from the Moon.Detection and characterisation of polar water ice and other lunar volatiles

China’s plan to connect Earth and the moon with a network infrastructure is called the “Coms Superhighway“. The plan includes

Data transmission rates 

The network will aim to achieve data transmission rates of 10 gigabytes per second

Navigation accuracy 

The network will improve navigation accuracy to 10 meters for lunar surface activities and 50 meters for journeys between Earth and the moon

Spacecraft tracking 

The network will deploy a Very Long Baseline Interferometry system to track spacecraft across distances up to 900 million kilometers

Satellite network 

The final stage of the project will expand the satellite network to 30 and construct a third lunar station

Spin-off applications 

The technologies developed for this project could improve global communication networks and navigation systems on Earth

The plan could help make lunar settlements and interplanetary travel a reality

According to a report by South China Morning Post, researchers from the China Academy of Space Technology (CAST) and the Beijing Institute of Spacecraft System Engineering plan to create a network of 30 satellites between the Earth and the Moon, in addition to three lunar stations, to provide real-time communication

India has a new plan to explore the Moon beyond Chandrayaan-3

The roadmap for India’s forthcoming moon exploration endeavours is currently being conceptualised

• These missions are expected to pave the way for advanced objectives
• The success of Chandrayaan-3 has provided Isro with valuable experience
• The next steps involve a sequence of Chandrayaan missions

Chandrayaan-4 is anticipated to be a lunar sample return mission, while subsequent missions, such as Chandrayaan-5 and Chandrayaan-6, will explore long-term presence on the Moon, including the potential development of habitats. 

What is space Vision 2047 in India?

Jitendra Singh outlined the Space Vision 2047, which includes the commissioning of the Bharatiya Antariksha Station (BAS) by 2035 and Indian astronauts landing on the Moon by 2040

For all parties concerned, Cislunar space holds immense potential in terms of scientific, commercial, and military applications. The vastly increased level of activity on and around the Moon makes space domain awareness (SDA) – knowledge of all operations within a region of space – paramount. It is also necessary to ensure the continued success and utilization of the covered region. In a recent paper, a team of aerospace engineers considered the missions planned for the coming decades and evaluated the state and shortcomings of their space domain awareness.

Humanity after this joint efforts by all space missions will have a new era starting that we could build colonies on moon 🌑 and live there and travel to moon 🌑 like any other place on earth 🌍

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