The universe began with a Big Bang, and water is a result of the processes that followed. 

The Big Bang

• The Big Bang theory states that the universe began as a dense, hot fireball that exploded. 
• The early universe was made up of particles like protons, neutrons, and electrons. 
• As the universe cooled, protons and neutrons combined to form hydrogen and deuterium atoms. 

The formation of water 

• Water molecules are formed when hydrogen and oxygen combine. 
• Water is created in stellar nurseries, where stars are born and die. 
• Water is a raw material for the formation of new planetary systems. 
• Water molecules have been found around other stars, such as Beta Pictoris. 

The formation of planets

• Gravity causes gas and dust to clump together, forming stars, planets, and galaxies. 
• The material that spirals inward to form a star flattens into a pancake-like structure called an accretion disk.

How did the universe form water?

Water molecules form in interstellar space by chemical reactions between hydrogen molecules and oxygen-bearing molecules such as carbon monoxide. The Solar System inherited its water from ice-coated interstellar grains in the dust cloud from which the Sun and planets formed 4.6 billion years ago

Logically, stars should not exist. They are born when clouds of interstellar gas collapse inwardly under their own weight, growing denser and hotter until nuclear fusion causes them to emit energy in the form of light. However, since heat forces matter to expand, this hot contracting gas could be expected to immediately move outward again, preventing star formation from ever reaching completion.

To resolve this paradox, scientists have postulated the existence of a water-based “cooling system” that regulates the temperature of interstellar clouds, enabling the contraction to continue. Now a Weizmann Institute study reported in Physical Review Letters provides experimental evidence that the billions of stars that populate our firmament indeed had a watery birth.

Researchers have theorized that water molecules in interstellar clouds exert a cooling effect by colliding with the gas particles and absorbing their energy that is later released in the form of radiation. But attempts to observe water in the stars using Earth-bound telescopes have always been thwarted by the presence of water particles in our planet’s atmosphere. Scientists have, however, detected a similar substance that could be an intermediary product in water formation: hydronium, or H3O+, which contains three hydrogen atoms (as compared with water’s two), along with one oxygen atom.

Recent scientific discoveries have revealed the presence of watery clouds in the early universe.

• Discovery: Researchers have found a large cloud of cold water vapor in a distant starburst galaxy, HFLS3, located 880 million years after the Big Bang. This cloud is significant because it casts a shadow on the cosmic microwave background radiation, allowing scientists to study the temperature of the universe at this early stage.
• Implications: This discovery provides valuable insights into the evolution of the universe, particularly the cooling process after the Big Bang. By studying the properties of this water cloud, scientists can gain a better understanding of the conditions that existed in the early universe and how they influenced the formation of stars and galaxies.
  Key Points:
• Early Universe: The early universe was primarily composed of hydrogen and helium, with trace amounts of other elements.
• Water Formation: Water formation likely occurred later, through processes involving the interaction of these elements in stars and the subsequent distribution of heavier elements through supernovae.
• Watery Clouds: The discovery of a large water cloud in the early universe provides evidence of the presence of water in significant quantities at this early stage.
• Significance: This discovery has important implications for our understanding of the evolution of the universe and the formation of stars and galaxies.
  This finding challenges our previous understanding of the early universe and opens up new avenues for research into the origins and evolution of water in the cosmos.

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