Recent research published in the arXiv preprint database suggests that an interstellar visitor, many times the size of Jupiter, may have drastically altered the orbits of our solar system’s planets. This massive object, potentially eight times the mass of Jupiter, is believed to have passed very close to Mars’ current orbit, causing significant gravitational disturbances to Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
The study proposes that this close encounter could explain the current eccentricities and inclinations of the outer planets’ orbits. While the research is still undergoing peer review, it offers a compelling hypothesis for the evolution of our solar system.
The research, yet to be peer-reviewed, sheds light on what could have changed the orbits of several planets in the solar system
Scientists have claimed that an interstellar visitor, much larger than any celestial body in our solar system, might have dramatically altered the orbits of the planets. The research, yet to be peer-reviewed but published in the arXiv preprint database, posits that this cosmic intruder, possibly eight times the mass of Jupiter, passed very close to where Mars orbits today, potentially affecting the orbits of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
For a long time, scientists have stated that in ideal conditions, the planets should have lied in circles that are arranged concentrically around the Sun and in the same plane — meaning if you viewed them edge-on, you would only see a line. However, since planets orbit the Sun in different orbits in three-dimensional space, it makes it almost impossible for them to come together in a straight line.
An object eight times the mass of Jupiter may have swooped around the sun, coming superclose to Mars’ present-day orbit before shoving four of the solar system’s planets onto a different course.
In the new study, researchers proposed a new theory. Instead of the planets altering each other’s orbits, a distant visitor may have influenced them. This object, possibly a substellar body, could have flown close to the Sun billions of years ago. To test this theory, the team ran 50,000 simulations, altering various parameters of a potential visitor. They explored objects as small as Jupiter and as large as a brown dwarf.
The simulations revealed that in about 1% of the cases, the visitor’s flyby matched the current state of the solar system. These objects, ranging from two to 50 times the mass of Jupiter, passed very close to the Sun. Some even came within 1.69 AU of the Sun, close to Mars’ orbit. This one flyby was enough to change the orbits of the giant planets.
The scenario of a close encounter with a substellar object offers a plausible explanation for the origin of the moderate eccentricities and inclinations and the secular architecture of the planets,” the researchers stated. This means the slight tilts and deviations in the planets’ orbits might not just be from interactions among themselves but could have been influenced by this one-off cosmic event.
Until now, the prevailing theory was that the planets’ current orbits resulted from their interactions with each other. However, this new study challenges that notion, suggesting that an external influence, like a flyby from a massive object, might be responsible.
The scientists call for more research to explore how such an event would affect not just the planets but also smaller bodies like those in the asteroid belt and beyond Neptune in the trans-Neptunian region.
Interstellar objects are astronomical objects that exist in space between stars and are not gravitationally bound to any star. They can include asteroids, comets, rogue planets, and diffuse ionized gas.
Examples of interstellar objects
- ‘OumuamuaDiscovered in 2017, this object was the first interstellar object to be observed entering our solar system. It was discovered by the Pan-STARRS 1 telescope in Hawaii.
- Comet BorisovDiscovered in 2019, this object was the second interstellar object to be observed entering our solar system.
- Interstellar meteorA rare occurrence, an interstellar meteor is a space rock that originates from outside our solar system and collides with Earth.
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