That’s right! It seems the age-old dream of alchemists has been realized, albeit in a very modern and fleeting way, within the world’s largest machine – the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN.
Recent experiments conducted by the ALICE collaboration have successfully transmuted lead into gold. This incredible feat was achieved by smashing lead ions together at near-light speed. In the resulting near-miss collisions, some lead nuclei lost exactly three protons, transforming them into gold nuclei.
Here are some key points about this modern “alchemy”:

• The Machine: The Large Hadron Collider, a 27-kilometer ring of superconducting magnets, is the most powerful particle accelerator ever built.
• The Process: By accelerating lead ions to 99.999993% the speed of light and causing them to collide (or nearly collide), the immense energy involved can knock protons and neutrons from the nuclei of the lead atoms. Since gold has 79 protons and lead has 82, losing three protons transforms lead into gold.
• The Quantity: While the transformation is real, the amount of gold produced is minuscule. During the LHC’s second run (2015-2018), about 86 billion gold nuclei were created. This sounds like a lot, but it only amounts to roughly 29 picograms (trillionths of a gram) of gold.
• The Duration: The gold nuclei created are unstable and exist for only a tiny fraction of a second before decaying into other particles.
• The Purpose: This research isn’t about producing commercially viable gold. Instead, it provides valuable insights into nuclear physics and the behavior of matter under extreme conditions, similar to those that existed shortly after the Big Bang. It also helps scientists better understand and calibrate the LHC.
  So, while you won’t be seeing lead turning into gold bars anytime soon, it’s a fascinating scientific achievement that echoes the dreams of alchemists from centuries ago!

Turning lead into gold

Turning Lead Into Gold: Many people in history have had the obsession of turning lead into gold. But the real ‘magic’ has been done by scientists. CERN’s Large Hadron Collider created about 86 billion gold nuclei in three years.

New Delhi: There was a madness in the medieval world to convert lead into gold. Alchemists used to spend their entire lives trying to convert ordinary lead into precious gold. But today, modern science has made that work a reality, even if only for a few moments. The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) located at CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research) did such a miracle in its second run between 2015 and 2018 that scientists created gold millions of times. According to a research, about 86 billion gold nuclei were produced during this period

How is lead converted into gold?

Actually, lead and gold are not far apart in the periodic table. Gold has 79 protons, while lead has 82. That is, if some protons and neutrons are ‘blown away’ from a lead atom, it can turn into gold. But this work is neither done by any old chemical nor by any mantra. For this, a machine is needed which can collide the particles at almost the speed of light

In the LHC, lead nuclei were spun at a tremendous speed, 99.999993% of the speed of light. When they passed each other, their electromagnetic fields collided with each other and a photon pulse was created. This photon shook the internal structure of the lead atom, causing protons and neutrons to be ejected from it and a gold nucleus was formed.

The gold produced by this entire process was only 29 picograms, i.e. one trillionth of a gram. One gram of gold contains sextillion (10^21) atoms, whereas the gold produced here vanishes in a moment. These gold nuclei collide with the walls of the LHC and break. But the real achievement is not its quantity, but to understand how scientists measured such microscopic and short-lived gold. CERN’s ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) team counted the protons and neutrons released in these collisions with the help of its ZDC (Zero Degree Calorimeters) detector, and converted the formation of gold into data.

Other elements formed include thallium and mercury

Apart from gold, the collision also produced thallium (81 protons) and mercury (80 protons). The amount of thallium and mercury was much more than gold, but the formation of gold was the most fascinating from a scientific point of view. All these results have been published by scientists in Physical Review C

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