The idea that a recently detected “impossible” particle might be dark matter is a fascinating speculation. While the term “impossible particle” has been used in various contexts in recent scientific discussions, it most likely refers to the “Oh-My-God Particle” or similar ultra-high-energy cosmic rays.
Here’s a breakdown of why dark matter is a candidate for such a particle and the current understanding:
What is the “impossible” particle?

• Ultra-high-energy cosmic rays: The “Oh-My-God Particle” detected in 1991, and more recently, other similar extreme-energy particles, are so energetic that their existence defies conventional explanations within the known physics of the universe. They seem to exceed the theoretical limit for cosmic ray energies, hence the “impossible” or “defies physics” moniker.
• Quasiparticles: In some condensed matter physics contexts, “impossible particles” can refer to quasiparticles like anyons, which exhibit behaviors not seen in fundamental particles. However, these are typically confined to specific materials and are not “hitting Earth” in the cosmic ray sense.
  Why Dark Matter is a candidate:
• Non-interaction with ordinary matter: Dark matter is theorized to interact with ordinary (baryonic) matter primarily through gravity. This means it doesn’t emit, absorb, or reflect light, making it invisible. If a dark matter particle were to hit Earth, it would likely pass through without any detectable interaction with our instruments, unless it possessed an incredibly high energy that allowed for a rare interaction.
• Unknown composition: Scientists don’t know what dark matter is made of. Leading candidates include Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs) and axions, but its true nature remains a mystery. The “impossible” nature of these cosmic ray particles could hint at a new, undiscovered particle type that fits the criteria for dark matter.
• Explaining anomalous phenomena: If dark matter particles were to have extremely high energies, their interactions with detectors could be incredibly subtle or rare. An “impossible particle” event might be one of the exceedingly rare instances where a dark matter particle does interact in a measurable way, providing a tantalizing clue to its existence.
  Current Status of Dark Matter Detection:
• Indirect evidence: The existence of dark matter is overwhelmingly supported by astronomical observations. We see its gravitational effects on galaxies, galaxy clusters, and the cosmic microwave background radiation. Without dark matter, galaxies wouldn’t hold together, and the large-scale structure of the universe wouldn’t form as observed.
• Direct detection efforts: Numerous experiments worldwide are trying to directly detect dark matter particles. These typically involve highly sensitive detectors placed deep underground to shield them from other cosmic rays. The goal is to observe a faint signal if a dark matter particle were to collide with an atomic nucleus in the detector. So far, no definitive direct detection has been made.
• LHC searches: The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN also searches for signs of dark matter by looking for “missing energy” in particle collisions, which could indicate the production of dark matter particles that escape the detectors.
  Important Considerations:
• While the idea is intriguing, attributing an “impossible particle” to dark matter is still highly speculative. More research is needed to confirm the nature of such high-energy events.
• The “Oh-My-God Particle” and similar events are thought to be extreme examples of cosmic rays, which are typically high-energy protons or atomic nuclei originating from distant astrophysical sources like active galactic nuclei or supernovae.
  In summary, the possibility that an “impossible” particle hitting Earth could be dark matter is an exciting avenue of speculation given dark matter’s elusive nature and unknown composition. However, it remains a hypothesis, and the search for direct evidence of dark matter continues through various experimental approaches.

We may already have had our first-ever encounter with dark matter, according to researchers who say a mysteriously high-energy particle detected in 2023 is not a neutrino after all, but something far stranger

An extremely high-energy particle that was spotted tearing through Earth has left scientists flummoxed ever since it was discovered. While many researchers believe the particle was an unusual neutrino, some are now suggesting it may be something even wilder: a particle of dark matter travelling across the cosmos.

The KM3NeT detector, off the coast of Italy, spotted this “impossible” neutrino in 2023 while it was still under construction. The particle in question was of immense proportions, 35 times more energetic than any seen before. Where it came from remains a mystery, with possible sources including a galaxy with a very active central black hole known as a blazar, or a background source of high-energy neutrinos pervading the universe.

What is dark matter

Dark matter is a mysterious, invisible form of matter that makes up a significant portion of the universe, estimated to be about 27% of its total mass-energy content (compared to only 5% for ordinary, visible matter). It’s called “dark” because it doesn’t interact with light or other forms of electromagnetic radiation – it doesn’t emit, absorb, or reflect it. This makes it impossible to observe directly with telescopes.
Why do we think it exists?
Despite its invisibility, scientists have overwhelming indirect evidence for dark matter’s existence, primarily through its gravitational effects:

• Galaxy Rotation Curves: Stars at the outer edges of galaxies rotate much faster than they should if only visible matter were present. To prevent these galaxies from flying apart, there must be a large amount of unseen mass, a “halo” of dark matter, providing extra gravitational pull.
• Galaxy Clusters: Observations of galaxy clusters show that the galaxies within them are moving too quickly to be held together by the gravity of their visible matter alone. This again points to a significant amount of invisible mass.
• Gravitational Lensing: Massive objects, including galaxy clusters, can bend the path of light from more distant objects, creating distorted or magnified images. The degree of this “lensing” effect is much stronger than what can be explained by visible matter, indicating the presence of vast amounts of dark matter.
• Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB): The faint afterglow of the Big Bang, the CMB, contains subtle temperature fluctuations that provide clues about the early universe. The patterns in the CMB are consistent with a universe that contains a large amount of dark matter.
• Large-Scale Structure of the Universe: Dark matter is believed to have acted as a “gravitational scaffolding” that allowed ordinary matter to clump together and form the vast cosmic web of galaxies and galaxy clusters we see today.
  What is it made of?
  The exact composition of dark matter is still unknown, and it’s one of the biggest unsolved mysteries in physics. Scientists are fairly certain it’s not made of ordinary matter (baryonic matter) like protons and neutrons, or even antimatter. This is because we would detect its interaction with light or gamma rays if it were.
  Leading candidates for dark matter particles include:
• Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs): These are hypothetical subatomic particles that would interact very weakly with ordinary matter, primarily through gravity. Many experiments are currently trying to directly detect WIMPs by looking for rare collisions with atomic nuclei in highly sensitive underground detectors.
• Axions: These are much lighter, hypothetical particles that have been proposed to solve another problem in particle physics. They could potentially convert into photons in strong magnetic fields, which is a target for some experiments.
• Primordial Black Holes: While less favored, some theories suggest dark matter could be made of black holes formed in the very early universe.
  Dark Matter vs. Dark Energy:
  It’s important to distinguish dark matter from dark energy. While both are “dark” and mysterious, they are fundamentally different:
• Dark Matter: Acts as an attractive gravitational force, helping to hold galaxies and galaxy clusters together. It makes up about 27% of the universe.
• Dark Energy: Is a repulsive force that is thought to be responsible for the accelerated expansion of the universe. It makes up about 68% of the universe and is associated with the vacuum of space.
  In essence, dark matter is the unseen “glue” that holds the universe’s large-scale structures together, shaping its evolution, even though we can’t directly see it. The ongoing search for its true nature is a major frontier in modern physics and astronomy.

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