The “tiny ghost particles” that could explain why the universe exists are
neutrinos, elusive subatomic particles that interact so rarely with normal matter they can pass through the entire Earth undetected.
Scientists believe that the Big Bang should have created equal amounts of matter and antimatter, which would have annihilated each other, leaving behind a universe full of only energy. Since we live in a universe dominated by matter, there must have been a slight imbalance—about one extra matter particle for every billion matter-antimatter pairs—that allowed matter to survive and form everything we see today.
Physicists hypothesize that neutrinos are key to this mystery (known as the baryon asymmetry problem) through a process called CP violation.
- Neutrino Oscillation: The discovery that neutrinos can change “flavors” (electron, muon, and tau) as they travel proved that they have mass, a finding that went beyond the Standard Model of particle physics.
- Matter/Antimatter Asymmetry: Current research focuses on whether neutrinos and their antimatter counterparts (antineutrinos) behave differently.
- Theories: If future experiments can confirm that neutrinos violate CP symmetry in a specific way, this could provide the powerful clue needed to explain the matter-antimatter imbalance and thus, why the universe exists at all.
Major ongoing experiments, like the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) in the U.S. and the Hyper-Kamiokande in Japan, are working to make the precise measurements needed to solve this puzzle.
Scientists Unite to Explore Why the Universe Exists
A Michigan State University researcher has helped lead a groundbreaking collaboration that could bring scientists closer to understanding how the universe came to be.
For the first time, two of the world’s largest neutrino experiments — T2K in Japan and NOvA in the United States — combined their data to gain new insight into neutrinos, the ghostlike particles that constantly stream through space but almost never interact with other matter.
Their joint analysis, published in Nature, offers some of the most precise measurements ever made of how neutrinos shift between types as they travel. This achievement lays important groundwork for future experiments that could reshape our understanding of how the universe evolved — or reveal that current theories are incomplete.
Kendall Mahn, a physics and astronomy professor at Michigan State University and co-spokesperson for T2K, played a leading role in coordinating the project. By working together, the two experiments reached a level of precision that neither could have achieved on its own.
“This was a big victory for our field,” Mahn said. “This shows that we can do these tests, we can look into neutrinos in more detail, and we can succeed in working together.”
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